"OR067"|"AWM - Land Application of Municipal Biosolids, spring (OR)"|"limitation"|"Interpretation Name:  Soil site selection criteria for municipal biosolids application in Oregon

Introduction: 

Municipal biosolids are one class of organic byproduct that can successfully be recycled via land application.  Biosolids are the nutrient-rich organic byproduct obtained from municipal wastewater treatment.   Biosolids can be solid, liquid, or semisolid.  Animal manures, food processing byproducts, and other organic materials are not considered biosolids, and are not addressed here.

To be called biosolids, raw solids must be processed to meet U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards.  Raw solids are processed by digestion, composting, or other technologies at the wastewater treatment facility.  Trace element concentrations in biosolids must be lower than EPA standards for arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and zinc.    Biosolids must also meet EPA standards for human pathogen reduction and organic matter stabilization.   

In 2008, Oregon recycled over 90% of its municipal biosolids via land application.  Land application rates for biosolids are designed to deliver adequate, but not excessive plant-available nitrogen for crop growth.     

The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) supervises wastewater treatment facilities and land application of biosolids.  A DEQ-approved biosolids management plan is required for each wastewater treatment facility.   DEQ issues a site authorization letter to the wastewater treatment facility for each application site.   This letter prescribes appropriate site management practices to protect public health and the environment.   Soil suitability is one of the site characteristics considered by Oregon DEQ before issuing a site authorization. 
 
Purpose:

The purpose of this NRCS interpretation is to serve as a screening tool for selecting appropriate soils for land application sites for biosolids in Oregon.   This screening tool was developed in 2009 with input from Oregon DEQ and Oregon State University.  This screening tool replaces the national NRCS interpretation ¡AWM: Land Application of Municipal Sewage Sludge¡.   This screening tool was designed to give soil interpretations to match site selection criteria described in Oregon DEQ guidelines.  General soil suitability criteria used routinely by Oregon DEQ criteria includes:

** A site should be on a stable geologic formation not subject to flooding or excessive run-off from adjacent land. If periodic flooding cannot be avoided, the period of application should be restricted and soil incorporation is recommended.

** Minimum depth to permanent groundwater should be four feet and the minimum depth to temporary groundwater should be one foot at the time when application of liquid biosolids or domestic septage occurs.

** Topography should be suitable for normal agricultural operations. Liquid biosolids or domestic septage should not be land applied on bare soils when the slope exceeds 12 percent. Dewatered or dried biosolids may be land applied on well vegetated slopes up to 30 percent, and liquid biosolids or domestic septage may also be land applied if appropriate management is in place to prevent runoff.

** Soil should have a minimum rooting depth of 24 inches. The underlying substratum to at least 24 inches should not be rapidly draining so leachate will not be short circuited to groundwater.

** Saline and/or sodic soils should be avoided.

How the NRCS screening tool works

The screening tool queries a database of soil characteristics for each map unit described in the NRCS soil survey.   The major innovation incorporated in the Oregon suitability ratings is consideration of changes in seasonal soil suitability.   Suitability ratings are reported seasonally for:
	spring----May
	summer--June-Sept
	winter----Oct-April
These seasonal suitability ratings are keyed to NRCS database estimates of flooding, ponding, and water tables for the soil mapping unit for the months included in each report.   The seasonal reports attempt to mimic the seasonal criteria used by Oregon DEQ.   For example, a soil mapping unit that is rated ""very limited"" for winter or spring application because of a seasonal high water table, may be rated ""not limited"" or ""somewhat limited"" in summer. 

Screening criteria for evaluating soil suitability in summer months

Listed below are criteria used to evaluate suitability in summer months (June-Sept)
From map unit data for summer months:
Flooding, ponding and depth to saturated zone
From map unit data (no seasonal adjustment)
	Cobble content
	Salinity
	Depth to bedrock
	Depth to cemented pan
	Shallow to densic materials
	slope
	sodium content
	large stones on surface
	Depth to Permafrost
	
Screening criteria for evaluating soil suitability in spring (May) and winter (Oct-April) months

From map unit data for spring and winter months:
Flooding, ponding and depth to saturated zone
From map unit data (no seasonal adjustment)
	Cobble content
	Salinity
	Depth to bedrock
	Depth to cemented pan
	Shallow to densic materials
	Slope
	Sodium content
	Large stones on surface
	Depth to Permafrost
	Shallow to contrasting materials (discontinuity)
	Poor filtering capacity (coarse materials)
	Slow percolation/permeability
	
Limitations of this screening tool

** This screening tool identifies potential limitations to biosolids application for a mapping unit.
  
** Because soil mapping units include natural soil variability, exact correspondence between mapping unit suitability identified with this tool and actual site suitability as determined by a site inspection may differ. 
 
** Some soil limitations can be overcome by management or by application of biosolids during summer months only.  

** Different kinds of biosolids (solid, liquid, semi-solid) utilize different kinds of application equipment (e.g. spreaders, sprinklers).  Site suitability may vary depending upon the kind of biosolids and the biosolids application method. 
   
** This screening tool identifies soil limitations for a mapping unit, not a field.  Most landscapes or fields contain more than one soil mapping unit.  In many cases, it is appropriate to manage the field based on the dominant soil mapping unit.  Professional judgment, taking into account site-specific factors (e.g. considering the distribution of soil mapping units within the field) is employed by DEQ in evaluating potential biosolids application sites.   

For More Information

Fertilizing with Biosolids.  PNW Extension publication 508.  http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/

Oregon Department of Environmental Quality.  Water Program, Biosolids.  p. 16.  Site Selection Criteria.  In: Biosolids Program Internal Management Directive: Comprehensive guidance for specific federal and state requirements pertaining to program implementation.  http://www.deq.state.or.us/WQ/biosolids/intro.htm

Oregon Association of Clean Water Agencies.   http://www.oracwa.org/index.php"|01/29/2010 15:50:50|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805404"
"OR067"|"AWM - Land Application of Municipal Biosolids, summer (OR)"|"limitation"|"Interpretation Name:  Soil site selection criteria for municipal biosolids application in Oregon

Introduction: 

Municipal biosolids are one class of organic byproduct that can successfully be recycled via land application.  Biosolids are the nutrient-rich organic byproduct obtained from municipal wastewater treatment.   Biosolids can be solid, liquid, or semisolid.  Animal manures, food processing byproducts, and other organic materials are not considered biosolids, and are not addressed here.

To be called biosolids, raw solids must be processed to meet U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards.  Raw solids are processed by digestion, composting, or other technologies at the wastewater treatment facility.  Trace element concentrations in biosolids must be lower than EPA standards for arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and zinc.    Biosolids must also meet EPA standards for human pathogen reduction and organic matter stabilization.   

In 2008, Oregon recycled over 90% of its municipal biosolids via land application.  Land application rates for biosolids are designed to deliver adequate, but not excessive plant-available nitrogen for crop growth.     

The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) supervises wastewater treatment facilities and land application of biosolids.  A DEQ-approved biosolids management plan is required for each wastewater treatment facility.   DEQ issues a site authorization letter to the wastewater treatment facility for each application site.   This letter prescribes appropriate site management practices to protect public health and the environment.   Soil suitability is one of the site characteristics considered by Oregon DEQ before issuing a site authorization. 
 
Purpose:

The purpose of this NRCS interpretation is to serve as a screening tool for selecting appropriate soils for land application sites for biosolids in Oregon.   This screening tool was developed in 2009 with input from Oregon DEQ and Oregon State University.  This screening tool replaces the national NRCS interpretation ¡AWM: Land Application of Municipal Sewage Sludge¡.   This screening tool was designed to give soil interpretations to match site selection criteria described in Oregon DEQ guidelines.  General soil suitability criteria used routinely by Oregon DEQ criteria includes:

** A site should be on a stable geologic formation not subject to flooding or excessive run-off from adjacent land. If periodic flooding cannot be avoided, the period of application should be restricted and soil incorporation is recommended.

** Minimum depth to permanent groundwater should be four feet and the minimum depth to temporary groundwater should be one foot at the time when application of liquid biosolids or domestic septage occurs.

** Topography should be suitable for normal agricultural operations. Liquid biosolids or domestic septage should not be land applied on bare soils when the slope exceeds 12 percent. Dewatered or dried biosolids may be land applied on well vegetated slopes up to 30 percent, and liquid biosolids or domestic septage may also be land applied if appropriate management is in place to prevent runoff.

** Soil should have a minimum rooting depth of 24 inches. The underlying substratum to at least 24 inches should not be rapidly draining so leachate will not be short circuited to groundwater.

** Saline and/or sodic soils should be avoided.

How the NRCS screening tool works

The screening tool queries a database of soil characteristics for each map unit described in the NRCS soil survey.   The major innovation incorporated in the Oregon suitability ratings is consideration of changes in seasonal soil suitability.   Suitability ratings are reported seasonally for:
	spring----May
	summer--June-Sept
	winter----Oct-April
These seasonal suitability ratings are keyed to NRCS database estimates of flooding, ponding, and water tables for the soil mapping unit for the months included in each report.   The seasonal reports attempt to mimic the seasonal criteria used by Oregon DEQ.   For example, a soil mapping unit that is rated ""very limited"" for winter or spring application because of a seasonal high water table, may be rated ""not limited"" or ""somewhat limited"" in summer. 

Screening criteria for evaluating soil suitability in summer months

Listed below are criteria used to evaluate suitability in summer months (June-Sept)
From map unit data for summer months:
Flooding, ponding and depth to saturated zone
From map unit data (no seasonal adjustment)
	Cobble content
	Salinity
	Depth to bedrock
	Depth to cemented pan
	Shallow to densic materials
	slope
	sodium content
	large stones on surface
	Depth to Permafrost
	
Screening criteria for evaluating soil suitability in spring (May) and winter (Oct-April) months

From map unit data for spring and winter months:
Flooding, ponding and depth to saturated zone
From map unit data (no seasonal adjustment)
	Cobble content
	Salinity
	Depth to bedrock
	Depth to cemented pan
	Shallow to densic materials
	Slope
	Sodium content
	Large stones on surface
	Depth to Permafrost
	Shallow to contrasting materials (discontinuity)
	Poor filtering capacity (coarse materials)
	Slow percolation/permeability
	
Limitations of this screening tool

** This screening tool identifies potential limitations to biosolids application for a mapping unit.
  
** Because soil mapping units include natural soil variability, exact correspondence between mapping unit suitability identified with this tool and actual site suitability as determined by a site inspection may differ. 
 
** Some soil limitations can be overcome by management or by application of biosolids during summer months only.  

** Different kinds of biosolids (solid, liquid, semi-solid) utilize different kinds of application equipment (e.g. spreaders, sprinklers).  Site suitability may vary depending upon the kind of biosolids and the biosolids application method. 
   
** This screening tool identifies soil limitations for a mapping unit, not a field.  Most landscapes or fields contain more than one soil mapping unit.  In many cases, it is appropriate to manage the field based on the dominant soil mapping unit.  Professional judgment, taking into account site-specific factors (e.g. considering the distribution of soil mapping units within the field) is employed by DEQ in evaluating potential biosolids application sites.   

For More Information

Fertilizing with Biosolids.  PNW Extension publication 508.  http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/

Oregon Department of Environmental Quality.  Water Program, Biosolids.  p. 16.  Site Selection Criteria.  In: Biosolids Program Internal Management Directive: Comprehensive guidance for specific federal and state requirements pertaining to program implementation.  http://www.deq.state.or.us/WQ/biosolids/intro.htm

Oregon Association of Clean Water Agencies.   http://www.oracwa.org/index.php"|01/29/2010 15:55:19|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805419"
"OR067"|"WMS - Irrigation, Surface (level)"|"limitation"|"WMS- Surface Irrigation (Level)								Date: 7/2/07

Summary: Soil interpretations for ""Surface Irrigation (Level)"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for basin, paddy, level furrow, or level border irrigation systems.  The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition).  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule.  Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation.  These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation.  These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).  

This Irrigation Application is NOT DESIGNED OR INTENDED TO BE USED IN A REGULATORY MANNER.


Scope: Surface Irrigation Systems (Level) include basin, paddy, level furrow, or level border irrigation systems. Level surface irrigation systems are irrigation systems that use flood irrigation techniques to spread irrigation water at a specified depth across the application area.  Basin, paddy, and borders generally use external ridges or borders to confine the irrigation application while level furrow systems use furrow valleys and end blocks or border ridges to confine the irrigation application during irrigation.  With furrow irrigation the crop is usually planted on the furrow ridge. Generally, basin, paddy and level border irrigation systems are suitable for rice, small grain, pasture and forage production.  Level furrow systems are generally suited for row crops. 

Description: The soil properties and qualities important in the design and management of level surface irrigation systems are depth, available water holding capacity, sodium adsorption ratio, permeability, salinity, slope, and flooding.  The soil properties and qualities that influence installation are depth, flooding and ponding.  The features that affect performance of the system and plant growth are salinity, sodium adsorption ratio, and available water holding capacity.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.  Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan limits the soil's water holding capacity and the thickness of the root zone.  Soil features considered are the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restriction kind = ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:	
			Very limiting	< 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting => 50cm and < 150cm
			Not limiting	=> 150cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
Property used: WMS - KIND OF RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	     = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
			Not limiting	not  = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
Property used: WMS - FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		not = ""Noncemented""
			Not limiting		      = ""Noncemented""
	Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.
	
2.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock, lithic"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		< 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	= > 50cm and < 150cm
			Not limiting		=> 150cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
	Restrictive limits:
		Very Limiting	     = ""bedrock, lithic""
		Not limiting	not  = ""bedrock, lithic"" 
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

3.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock, paralithic"" or ""bedrock, densic"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: WMS - (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		< 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	=> 50 cm and < 150 cm
			Not limiting		=> 150 cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very Limiting	     = ""bedrock, paralithic"" or ""bedrock, densic""
			Not limiting	not = ""bedrock, paralithic"" or ""bedrock, densic""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

4.  Content of large stones: Large stones may impede installation of pipelines and water control structures, irrigation land leveling and/or shaping, and construction of earthen canals, ditches, or ridges.  Stones will increase operation and management requirements, complicate repair of damaged irrigation system components, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by effecting tillage, planting, harvesting and plant growth through reduced soil AWC.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.


	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 > 35 %
			Somewhat limiting	 > 25 % and <=35 %
			Not limiting		=< 25 %
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.

5. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to water will hamper installation of irrigation pipelines, appurtenances, water control structures, and earth forming that might be needed to install and maintain graded surface irrigation systems.  A shallow depth to water table will also complicate the irrigation water management requirements for the site, and often increases probability of salinity problems developing.  A shallow water table will also make the soil difficult to work and produce a restricted root zone. These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month in the growing season. See reference for growing season definition. This limitation can sometimes be overcome with installation of a properly designed drainage system.  Used greater than or equal to 90 cm as not limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM DURING GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		  < 60cm
			Somewhat limiting	=> 60 and <90 cm
			Not limiting 		=> 90cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

6.  Low Available Water Capacity:  Soils with low available water capacities have limited potential to hold irrigation water.  Irrigation management is critical on soil with low AWC to insure adequate soil water for maximum plant growth and production.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity x layer thickness) summed through a depth of 150 cm or to a restrictive layer.  Used 0.05 cm/cm as limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.

	Property used: WMS - AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-150cm (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very Limiting		=< 7.5 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 7.5 to < 18cm
			Not limiting		=> 18cm
	Null AWC is assigned to the Not rated class. 

7.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio are prone to develop irrigation water and rainfall infiltration restriction/reductions due to soil dispersion caused by sodium in the soil and/or soil water.  Soils with elevated SARs will require monitoring of SAR in soil and irrigation water being applied, very careful irrigation water management, possible chemical treatment.  An elevated SAR may impact expected crop response to irrigation by suppressing plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 150cm.

	Property used: WMS - SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-150cm (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting 		=> 20
			Somewhat limiting	  > 6 to < 20
			Not limiting 		<= 6
	Null SAR is assigned not rated.

8.  Flooding: Flooding frequency greater then rare has the potential to damage irrigation infrastructure and impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A frequently flooded area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Frequently flooded areas are more likely to transport nutrients and agricultural chemicals, which are typically applied at a higher rate on irrigated land, off site to receiving surface waters. Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: WMS - FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest, ANY MONTH (PAN) (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		= ""Very frequent""
			Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"" or ""frequent"" 
			Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

9.  Excess salt: Soils with high electrical conductivity may suppress plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soils with elevated salinity levels will require EC monitoring of soil and irrigation water being applied.  Matching irrigated crop selection to expected salinity levels, proper leaching, and careful irrigation water management, will be required on soils with elevated salinity. A properly designed drainage system may be required to properly irrigate some soils with elevated salinity levels.  Irrigation runoff and associated subsurface drainage from these soils has potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity.

	Property used: WMS - SALINITY MAXIMUM (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Somewhat limiting	=> 4 
			Not limiting		  < 4
	Null EC is assigned not rated.

10.  Seepage: Rapid permeability that allows irrigation water to percolate out of the root zone is undesirable and increase irrigation management expenses.  Permeability that maintains irrigation water within the root zone during the consumptive use period is desirable to maintain the growth and vigor of the irrigated crop. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest Ksat that has any portion in the depth range 0 to 150 cm or to a restrictive layer if less then 150 cm. 

	Property used: WMS - KSAT MAXIMUM, 0-150 CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting 		  > 44.0 um/sec
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 14.1 um/sec and <= 44.0 um/sec
			Not limiting 		<= 14.1 um/sec 
	Null Ksat is assigned not rated.

11. Percs slowly: Soils with low hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) have slow percolation causing excess ponding during high precipitation or irrigation events.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the lowest Ksat that has any portion in the depth range 0 to 150cm or to a restrictive layer if less then 150cm.  NOTE: RULE 13. PERCS SLOWLY, DOESN¡T APPLY IF PLANNED CROP IS RICE.  

	Property used: WMS - KSAT MINIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting 		  < 0.14 micrometers/second
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 0.14 to < 1.4 micrometers/second
			Not limiting 		=> 1.4 um/sec
	Null Ksat is assigned not rated.

12. Ponding: Ponding may damage irrigation infrastructure, and will likely impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most level surface irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  Leaving a ponding area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration any month during the growing season. Soil feature considered is ponding duration.  This limitation can sometimes be overcome with irrigation land leveling or installation of a properly designed drainage system.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration. 
	
	Property used: WMS - PONDING DURATION DURING GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""long"" or ""very long""
			Somewhat Limiting	= ""very brief¡ or ""brief"" 						Not limiting		= ""none""
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

13. Soil Reaction:  (too acid or too alkaline) Low or High soil pH can result in corrosion of irrigation infrastructure, significantly increase irrigation system operation and maintenance requirements, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by restricting plant growth. Soil feature considered is the (pH) from 0 to 150cm.
	
	Property used: WMS - SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 1500CM (PAN) AND SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0 TO 150CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		
			Restriction limits:  Too acid
			Very limiting		=< 3.5
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 3.5 and <5.0
			Not limiting		=> 5.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

		Restriction limits:  Too alkaline
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 9.0 
			Not limiting		=< 9.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.


14.  Calcium Carbonate: Soils with free carbonates below the surface layer may reduce irrigation efficiency and effectiveness by increasing irrigation intake rate from what would have been estimated based on texture alone. Calcium Carbonate may restrict intake if compacted or equipment blockages from precipitation of calcium.  Free carbonates can also restrict available root zone of irrigated crops. Soil feature considered is the maximum CaCO3 equivalent (pct in thickest layer) between 25 and 150cm (10 to 60 inches) or a restrictive layer.

	Property used: WMS - CaCO3 MAXIMUM 25-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Somewhat limiting	=> 50%
			Not limiting 		  < 50 %
	Null CaCO3 is assigned to the Not limiting class.

15. Slope: Excessive slope impedes site preparation and adds significantly to costs associated with land grading, shaping, and leveling, and construction of required confining borders.  If not removed through reshaping excessive slope will reduce irrigation efficiency.  Soil feature considered is component slope.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: WMS - SLOPE (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		  > 2 %
			Not limiting		=< 2 %			
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

---------------------------------------------------------------
References: 
The Furrow, Basin or Paddy Irrigation interpretation was developed by the Davis, California interpretation staff in cooperation with the University of California. The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Davis, California interpretation staff for Furrow, Basin or Paddy Irrigation had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other part of the United States.  

Criteria were adjusted as requested 9/19/2006 by NRCS Central States, NSSC, and CNTSC staff working on Irrigation Applications. The following individuals were consulted on the criteria:

Bob Nielson, Consultant, Soil Scientist, Lincoln, NE
Troy Collier, NRCS, Resource Soil Scientist, Woodward, OK
Wayne Gabriel, NRCS, Soil Data Quality Specialist, Temple, TX
Allen Gehring, NRCS, Assistant State Engineer, Ames, IA
Edward Griffin, NRCS, National Resource Soil Scientist, Fort Worth, TX
Cleon Namken, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Lubbock, TX
Mike Risinger, NRCS, State Soil Scientist/Leader M09, Temple, TX
Chuck Sample, NRCS, Assistant State Soil Scientist, Stillwater, OK
Rick Schegel, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Woodward, OK
Marty Soffran, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Salina, KS
Chris Stoner, NRCS, Civil Engineer, Stillwater, OK
Jerry Walker, NRCS, National Water Management Engineer, Fort Worth, TX
Jon Whan, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Hondo, TX
Susan Southard, NRCS, Soil Data Quality, Davis, CA
Karl Hipple, NRCS, National Leader, Interpretation, Lincoln, NE
All NRCS State Soil Scientists and State Engineers were consulted on the criteria.
California Irrigation Guide. USDA-SCS. 1982. Developed in cooperation with the Pond-Shafter-Wasco Resource Conservation District.
Hanson, Blaine and Grattan, Stephen R. 1993. Agricultural Salinity and Drainage. University of California Irrigation Program. University. Of California, Davis.
National Engineering Handbook. USDA-NRCS.  Aug. 1996. Part 652.
National Soil Survey Handbook. 1993. United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Part 620 - Soil Interpretations Rating Guides 620, Table 620-32.

Flooding (frequent or very frequent) that occurs during the growing season where the crop growing seasons is defined by the taxonomic temperature regime:

taxonomic temperature
regime				corresponding months
----------------------------	---------------------
cryic, isofrigid or pergelic	July and August

frigid or mesic			June, July, 
				August and September

thermic 			March, April, May, 
				June, July, August,
				September and October
				
isothermic,			Jan., Feb., March, April,
isohyperthermic,		May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December

isomesic, hyperthermic		February, March, April,
				May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December"|08/20/2007 13:24:53|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805478"
"OR067"|"WMS - Pond Reservoir Area"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for various water management practices are developed for use in evaluating the potential of the soil for various water management practices.  These practices may involve the movement of water to or from a site, holding water on a site, or securing a water source.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  Soil limitation ratings and associated restrictive features are given for ponds and reservoir areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and excavated ponds.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""WMS - Pond Reservoir Area"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Off-Road Motorcycle Trails"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

A pond reservoir area is an area that holds water behind a dam or embankment.  Livestock or wildlife watering facilities are examples of the potential application of pond reservoir areas.

Soil properties influence development of pond reservoir areas including site selection, structure design, construction, performance, and after construction maintenance.  The soil interpretations for pond reservoir areas are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Scope: National

The soils best suited to this use have a low seepage potential, which is determined by permeability and depth to fractured or permeable bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other permeable material.

Ratings are based on soil properties and qualities to act as a natural barrier against seepage into deeper layers, without regard to cutoff trenches or other features that may be installed under the pond embankment.  Excessive slope in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the pond embankment seriously reduces the storage capacity of the reservoir area.  Suitable sites may be difficult to find on slopes steeper than about 10 percent.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Seepage:  The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is unimpeded and seepage may become a performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat between a depth of 50 to 180 cm.
	
	Property used: PERMEABILITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 50-180cm 
	(Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits: (in micrometers/sec)
		Limiting 	 	 > 14.0
		Somewhat Limiting 	=> 1.0 and <= 14.0
		Not limiting		 < 1.0
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits site preparation, reservoir depth, and pond maintenance. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Paralithic bedrock has less limitation then lithic and the rating is reduced by a power of 3.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT


	
	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
	OR
	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=  0cm
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 0 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits site preparation, reservoir depth, and pond maintenance.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Slope: Steep slopes impede site preparation and construction and restrict reservoir size and shape.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE 
	(Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 and < 8%
		Not limiting		=< 3%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	5.  Excess Lime: Soil containing significant amounts of marly materials are prone to seepage as these materials are dissolved and leached out of the system.  Soil feature considered is USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""mr""
		Not limiting	not = ""mr""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifiers are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Excess Gypsum: Soil containing significant amounts of gypsiferious materials are prone to seepage as these materials are dissolved and leached out of the system.  Soil feature considered is USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""gyp""
		Not limiting	not = ""gyp""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifiers are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
	OR
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	OR
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class."|05/01/2009 07:57:06|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805449"
"OR067"|"AWM - Land Application of Municipal Biosolids, winter (OR)"|"limitation"|"Interpretation Name:  Soil site selection criteria for municipal biosolids application in Oregon

Introduction: 

Municipal biosolids are one class of organic byproduct that can successfully be recycled via land application.  Biosolids are the nutrient-rich organic byproduct obtained from municipal wastewater treatment.   Biosolids can be solid, liquid, or semisolid.  Animal manures, food processing byproducts, and other organic materials are not considered biosolids, and are not addressed here.

To be called biosolids, raw solids must be processed to meet U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards.  Raw solids are processed by digestion, composting, or other technologies at the wastewater treatment facility.  Trace element concentrations in biosolids must be lower than EPA standards for arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and zinc.    Biosolids must also meet EPA standards for human pathogen reduction and organic matter stabilization.   

In 2008, Oregon recycled over 90% of its municipal biosolids via land application.  Land application rates for biosolids are designed to deliver adequate, but not excessive plant-available nitrogen for crop growth.     

The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) supervises wastewater treatment facilities and land application of biosolids.  A DEQ-approved biosolids management plan is required for each wastewater treatment facility.   DEQ issues a site authorization letter to the wastewater treatment facility for each application site.   This letter prescribes appropriate site management practices to protect public health and the environment.   Soil suitability is one of the site characteristics considered by Oregon DEQ before issuing a site authorization. 
 
Purpose:

The purpose of this NRCS interpretation is to serve as a screening tool for selecting appropriate soils for land application sites for biosolids in Oregon.   This screening tool was developed in 2009 with input from Oregon DEQ and Oregon State University.  This screening tool replaces the national NRCS interpretation ¡AWM: Land Application of Municipal Sewage Sludge¡.   This screening tool was designed to give soil interpretations to match site selection criteria described in Oregon DEQ guidelines.  General soil suitability criteria used routinely by Oregon DEQ criteria includes:

** A site should be on a stable geologic formation not subject to flooding or excessive run-off from adjacent land. If periodic flooding cannot be avoided, the period of application should be restricted and soil incorporation is recommended.

** Minimum depth to permanent groundwater should be four feet and the minimum depth to temporary groundwater should be one foot at the time when application of liquid biosolids or domestic septage occurs.

** Topography should be suitable for normal agricultural operations. Liquid biosolids or domestic septage should not be land applied on bare soils when the slope exceeds 12 percent. Dewatered or dried biosolids may be land applied on well vegetated slopes up to 30 percent, and liquid biosolids or domestic septage may also be land applied if appropriate management is in place to prevent runoff.

** Soil should have a minimum rooting depth of 24 inches. The underlying substratum to at least 24 inches should not be rapidly draining so leachate will not be short circuited to groundwater.

** Saline and/or sodic soils should be avoided.

How the NRCS screening tool works

The screening tool queries a database of soil characteristics for each map unit described in the NRCS soil survey.   The major innovation incorporated in the Oregon suitability ratings is consideration of changes in seasonal soil suitability.   Suitability ratings are reported seasonally for:
	spring----May
	summer--June-Sept
	winter----Oct-April
These seasonal suitability ratings are keyed to NRCS database estimates of flooding, ponding, and water tables for the soil mapping unit for the months included in each report.   The seasonal reports attempt to mimic the seasonal criteria used by Oregon DEQ.   For example, a soil mapping unit that is rated ""very limited"" for winter or spring application because of a seasonal high water table, may be rated ""not limited"" or ""somewhat limited"" in summer. 

Screening criteria for evaluating soil suitability in summer months

Listed below are criteria used to evaluate suitability in summer months (June-Sept)
From map unit data for summer months:
Flooding, ponding and depth to saturated zone
From map unit data (no seasonal adjustment)
	Cobble content
	Salinity
	Depth to bedrock
	Depth to cemented pan
	Shallow to densic materials
	slope
	sodium content
	large stones on surface
	Depth to Permafrost
	
Screening criteria for evaluating soil suitability in spring (May) and winter (Oct-April) months

From map unit data for spring and winter months:
Flooding, ponding and depth to saturated zone
From map unit data (no seasonal adjustment)
	Cobble content
	Salinity
	Depth to bedrock
	Depth to cemented pan
	Shallow to densic materials
	Slope
	Sodium content
	Large stones on surface
	Depth to Permafrost
	Shallow to contrasting materials (discontinuity)
	Poor filtering capacity (coarse materials)
	Slow percolation/permeability
	
Limitations of this screening tool

** This screening tool identifies potential limitations to biosolids application for a mapping unit.
  
** Because soil mapping units include natural soil variability, exact correspondence between mapping unit suitability identified with this tool and actual site suitability as determined by a site inspection may differ. 
 
** Some soil limitations can be overcome by management or by application of biosolids during summer months only.  

** Different kinds of biosolids (solid, liquid, semi-solid) utilize different kinds of application equipment (e.g. spreaders, sprinklers).  Site suitability may vary depending upon the kind of biosolids and the biosolids application method. 
   
** This screening tool identifies soil limitations for a mapping unit, not a field.  Most landscapes or fields contain more than one soil mapping unit.  In many cases, it is appropriate to manage the field based on the dominant soil mapping unit.  Professional judgment, taking into account site-specific factors (e.g. considering the distribution of soil mapping units within the field) is employed by DEQ in evaluating potential biosolids application sites.   

For More Information

Fertilizing with Biosolids.  PNW Extension publication 508.  http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/

Oregon Department of Environmental Quality.  Water Program, Biosolids.  p. 16.  Site Selection Criteria.  In: Biosolids Program Internal Management Directive: Comprehensive guidance for specific federal and state requirements pertaining to program implementation.  http://www.deq.state.or.us/WQ/biosolids/intro.htm

Oregon Association of Clean Water Agencies.   http://www.oracwa.org/index.php"|01/29/2010 15:54:57|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805389"
"OR067"|"AWM - Manure and Food Processing Waste"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for waste management provide a means to use organic wastes and wastewater as productive resources.  Using these resources will result in energy conservation, prevent waste, and minimize problems associated with their disposal.  The planned use of many wastes has proven beneficial to the producer and the user of these by-products.  The characteristics of the soil are important in the application of organic wastes and wastewater to land for fertilization and irrigation.  They are also important considerations if the soil is used as a medium for the treatment and disposal of these wastes.  Favorable soil properties are required to prevent environmental damage.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Manure and Food Processing Waste"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Manure and Food Processing Waste"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Manure is the excrement of livestock and poultry.  The consistency of manure is labile.  It changes in storage or treatment, and it depends upon the bedding used and upon whether the manure is diluted or allowed to dry.  Food processing wastes consist of damaged fruit and vegetables and the peelings, stems, leaves, pits, and soil particles removed in food preparation.  Most wastes produced in the processing of milk, cheese, and meat are liquids.  Paunch manure is an exception.

Manure and food processing wastes have variable nitrogen content.  The material is solid, slurry, or liquid.  A high nitrogen content limits the application rate.  Toxic or otherwise dangerous wastes, such as those mixed with the lye used in food processing, are outside the meaning of manure and food processing wastes as used in this interpretation.

Scope: National

The soil rating guide is based on utilizing the nutrients in the wastes for crop production and is not directed toward reclaiming or restoring critical areas or making the most efficient use of moisture.  Applications of liquid wastes can be made by tank wagon or conventional irrigation methods that are modified as necessary to function properly.  Applications of solid and slurry wastes can be made at the surface or subsurface.

This interpretive rule uses the criteria published in the AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT FIELD HANDBOOK (Part 651), Engineering Division, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA.

Soil properties and qualities considered are those that affect soil absorption, plant growth, microbial activity, the susceptibility to wind or water erosion, and the rate and method of the application of wastes.  Soil properties that affect absorption are permeability, the depth to a seasonal high water table, sodium adsorption ratio, the depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, and the available water capacity.  Soil reaction, sodium adsorption ratio, salinity, and bulk density are soil properties that affect plant growth and microbial activity.  The wind erodibility group, erosion factor, slopes, and susceptibility to flooding are used to measure the potential for wind and water erosion. Stones and the depth to a seasonal high water table can interfere with the application of wastes.  Permanently frozen soils are not suited to the treatment of wastes.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Low adsorption: Soils with low CEC to clay ratio have limited potential for sequestering heavy metals and other potential pollutants found in agricultural waste and sustaining vigorous plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average of the cec/clay ratio (calculated from cec and clay representative values) to a depth of 150cm or to bedrock or a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 0.050
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0.050 to  < 0.150
		Not limiting		=> 0.150
		
	Null cec or clay are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm-250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 35%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15% to <= 35%
		Not limiting		=< 15%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Dense layer: Shallow depth to a layer with high bulk density is only somewhat limiting and reduce available water capacity and percolation rates can be expected.  Soil feature considered is the maximum bulk density within a depth of 50 to 150cm.

	Property used: BULK DENSITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 50-150cm (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	=> 1.8
		Not limiting		 < 1.8
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Droughty: Soils with low available water capacity have limited potential for sequestering effluent and sustaining vigorous plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity * the layer thickness) summed through the last soil layer or to a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 7.5cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 7.55 to  < 15cm
		Not limiting		=> 15cm
		
	Null awc is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	5.  Filtering capacity: The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat within a depth of 150cm.
	
	Property used: KSAT HIGHEST MINIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 > 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > 14.1 and <= 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=< 14.1 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Flooding: Flooding at frequency greater then rare has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Leaching or Runoff limitation: Soil's in Hydrologic Soil Group D have slow intake rate and runoff is a potential limitation.  Protecting surface water from runoff contain manure or food processing waste is a concern.  Soil's in Hydrologic Group A or dual groups have high to moderate intake rates and a water table near the surface.  These soils have potential leaching limitations and manure or food processing effluent leaching into ground water is a concern.  Soil feature considered is hydrologic soil group.

	Property used: HYDROLOGIC SOIL GROUP (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Runoff limitation	= d
		Leaching limitation	= a, a/d, b/d, c/d
		Not limiting		= b, c
		

	Null Hydrologic Group is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	8.  Too Stony: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) on the soil surface can interfere with equipment operations and are a nuisance for most landuses.  Soil feature considered is percent of the soil surface covered by rock fragments > 10 inches in size.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON SURFACE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 3.0%
		Somewhat limiting	>=  .1% to <= 3.0%
		Not limiting		 <  .1%
		
	Null surface cover percentage of rock fragments with an rv >=250mm are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is impeded and runoff, infiltration, and percolation of pollutants may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity above a restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=< 1.4 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > 1.4 and <= 4 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		 > 4 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	10. Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity and may induce salinity toxicity, which restricts vigorous plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) of the layers between 0 and 50cm.
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 => 16 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 => 4 to < 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	14. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of the installed application.  Shallow soils have reduced water-holding capacities, restricted percolation rates and are difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Shallow to densic materials: Shallow depth to ""Densic Materials"" reduces percolation of surface waters and effluent and restricts plant root growth.  These semi-shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (densic)"" or ""densic material"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO DENSIC MATERIAL (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Shallow to Discontinuity: Shallow depth to ""Densic Materials"" reduces percolation of surface waters and effluent and restricts plant root growth.  These semi-shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""abrupt textural change"" or ""strongly contrasting textural stratification"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO CONTRASTING MATERIALS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
		
	17. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	18. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 20"" (0-50 cm).

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 to =< 13
		Not limiting		<= 3 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	19. Large stones on the surface: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 >  5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	20. Too acid: Soils with low surface pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Not Limiting		 > 6.5%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3.5 to <= 6.5%
		Limiting		=< 3.5
		
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	21. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may be difficult to reclaim and revegetate.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 60cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 60 to < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|10/29/2009 09:31:31|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805436"
"OR067"|"AWM - Overland Flow Process Treatment of Wastewater"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for waste management provide a means to use organic wastes and wastewater as productive resources.  Using these resources will result in energy conservation, prevent waste, and minimize problems associated with their disposal.  The planned use of many wastes has proven beneficial to the producer and the user of these by-products.  The characteristics of the soil are important in the application of organic wastes and wastewater to land for fertilization and irrigation.  They are also important considerations if the soil is used as a medium for the treatment and disposal of these wastes.  Favorable soil properties are required to prevent environmental damage.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Overland Flow Process Treatment of Wastewater"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Overland Flow Process Treatment of Wastewater"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

The wastewater considered is from municipal wastewater, food-processing plants, lagoons, and storage ponds.  Municipal wastewater is the waste stream from a municipality.  It contains domestic waste and possibly industrial waste.  It may be, although rarely is, raw sewage (untreated), or it may be wastewater that has received primary or secondary treatment.  Food-processing wastewater is the wastewater resulting from the preparation of fruits, vegetables, milk, cheese, and meats for public consumption.  In some places, it is high in sodium and chloride.  Lagoon and storage pond effluents, as discussed here, refer to the effluents from a lagoon or storage pond that is used to treat or store food-processing wastewater, domestic wastes, or animal wastes.  Domestic wastes are very dilute, and the effluent from a facility that treats them commonly is very low in carbonaceous and nitrogenous matter.  The nitrogen content ranges from 10 to 30 mg/l.  Lagoons and storage ponds that treat animal wastes have an effluent that has a much higher concentration of these materials mainly because the manure has not been diluted as much as domestic wastes.  The nitrogen content varies considerably but generally is 50 to 2,000 mg/l.  The heavy metal content generally is low; however, chemical analyses should be made prior to use.

In this process, wastewater is applied to the upper reaches of sloped land and allowed to flow across vegetated surfaces that are sometimes called terraces, to runoff collection ditches.  The length of the run generally is 150 to 300 feet.  Application rates range from 2.5 to 16.0 inches per week.  The wastewater leaves solids and nutrients to plants and soil surfaces as it flows downslope in a thin film.  Most of the water reaches the collection ditch, some is lost by evapotranspiration, and a small part percolates to the ground water.

Scope: National

The soil-rating guide is based on the treatment of the wastewater and not utilizing wastewater for irrigating of crops.  However, areas are vegetated because plants are a necessary part of the soil-plant treatment process.  Wastewater generally is applied by sprinkler or surface application methods.

Soil properties and qualities considered in rating the degree of limitation are those that affect absorption, plant growth, microbial activity, and the design and construction of site.  The properties that affect adsorption are soil reaction and the cation exchange capacity.  Soil reaction, salinity, and the sodium adsorption ratio are soil properties that affect plant growth and microbial activity.  Slope, permeability within a depth of about 30 inches, depth to a seasonal high water table, flooding, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, and stones are soil properties and qualities that influence design and construction.  Permanently frozen soils are not suited to treating wastewater.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Low adsorption: Soils with low CEC to clay ratio have limited potential for sequestering heavy metals and other potential pollutants found in agricultural waste and sustaining vigorous plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average of the cec/clay ratio (calculated from cec and clay representative values) to a depth of 150cm or to bedrock or a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 0.050
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0.050 to  < 0.150
		Not limiting		=> 0.150
		
	Null cec or clay are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the upper 40 inches (100 cm) of the soil can interfere with the plant root growth and reduces available water capacity.  Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the upper 40 inches of soil.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm-250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-40 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 35%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15% to <= 35%
		Not limiting		<= 15%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity in the surface layer have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the salinity (electrical conductivity) of the surface layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		  > 16 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 >= 8 to <= 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 8 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Seepage:  The soil surface layer Ksat governs the soil's infiltration rate and leaching potential.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil surface layer is unimpeded and leaching may become an environmental, health, or performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the surface layer Ksat. 
	
	Property used: PERMEABILITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 > 4.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > 1.0 and <= 4.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=< 1.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	8.  Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock limits the volume of material suitable for use as landfill cover.  Soils that are shallow are also difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of the installed application.  Shallow soils are also difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Too level: The movement of water over level soils is to slow for the application design..
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 < 1%
		Not limiting		=> 1%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	11. Too steep for surface application: Steep slopes impede site preparation such as shaping and leveling and wastewater is removed from the area to rapidly.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 12%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 6 and < 12%
		Not limiting		=< 6%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	12.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 20"" (0-50 cm).

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 to =< 13
		Not limiting		<= 3 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the upper 40 inches (100 cm) of the soil can interfere with the plant root growth and reduces available water capacity. Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments > 10 inches in size in the upper 40 inches of soil.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-40 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		<= 5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	14. Too acid: Soils with low surface pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plan growth.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 6.5%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 5.0 to < 6.5%
		Not limiting		 < 5.0
		
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may be difficult to reclaim and revegetate.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 60cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 60 to < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/08/2010 12:56:02|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805476"
"OR067"|"AWM - Rapid Infiltration Disposal of Wastewater"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for waste management provide a means to use organic wastes and wastewater as productive resources.  Using these resources will result in energy conservation, prevent waste, and minimize problems associated with their disposal.  The planned use of many wastes has proven beneficial to the producer and the user of these by-products.  The characteristics of the soil are important in the application of organic wastes and wastewater to land for fertilization and irrigation.  They are also important considerations if the soil is used as a medium for the treatment and disposal of these wastes.  Favorable soil properties are required to prevent environmental damage.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Rapid Infiltration Disposal of Wastewater"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Rapid Infiltration Disposal of Wastewater"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

In this process, the wastewater is applied in a level basin and percolates through the soil.  The treated water eventually reaches the ground water.  Application rates range from 4 to 120 inches per week.

The wastewater considered generally is from municipal wastewater treatment plants.  The nitrogen content generally is low.  Normally, the heavy metal content is low; however, chemical analysis should be made prior to use.  Because the thickness of soil material needed for proper renovation of the wastewater is more than 72 inches, geologic and hydrologic investigations during the planning stages.  This information is needed to ensure proper design and to determine reliability of performance as well as the potential for pollution of the ground water.

Scope: National

The soil-rating guide is based on the treatment of the wastewater and not utilizing wastewater for irrigating of crops.  Vegetation is not a necessary part of the treatment design or process but the basin may be vegetated.

The soil properties and qualities that influence risk of pollution, design and construction, and performance are major considerations.  Depth to a seasonal high water table, flooding, and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan present potential hazards and influence design and construction.  Slope and stones are also important considerations in design and construction.  The properties and qualities that influence performance are permeability and soil reaction.  Permanently frozen soils are not suited to treating wastewater. 

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the upper 72 inches (180 cm) of the soil can interfere with construction equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the upper 72 inches of soil or above a restrictive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm-250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 35%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15% to <= 35%
		Not limiting		<= 15%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Flooding at frequency greater then rare has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is impeded and runoff, infiltration, and percolation of pollutants may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity above a restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 < 10.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	=> 10.0 and <= 40.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		 > 40.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	4.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. These soils may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when trench landfills are installed. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 182cm
		Not limiting		=> 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 182cm
		Not limiting		=> 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Slope:  Steep slopes affect the design and function of installed systems and facilities.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4 and < 8%
		Not limiting		=< 4%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	9.  Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the upper 72 inches (180 cm) of the soil can interfere with construction equipment. Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments > 10 inches in size in the upper 72 inches of soil or above a restricive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		<= 5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	10. Too acid: Soils with low pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plan growth.  Soil feature considered is the minimum (pH) of the horizons or layers below the surface layer.

	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER MINIMUM SUB-SURFACE LAYERS TO 180cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 5%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 3.5 to < 5%
		Not limiting		 < 3.5
		
	Null pH is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 180cm
		Not limiting		=> 180cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE PERCHED MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 60cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 60 to =< 120cm
		Not limiting		 > 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|10/29/2009 09:31:31|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805447"
"OR067"|"AWM - Slow Rate Process Treatment of Wastewater"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for waste management provide a means to use organic wastes and wastewater as productive resources.  Using these resources will result in energy conservation, prevent waste, and minimize problems associated with their disposal.  The planned use of many wastes has proven beneficial to the producer and the user of these by-products.  The characteristics of the soil are important in the application of organic wastes and wastewater to land for fertilization and irrigation.  They are also important considerations if the soil is used as a medium for the treatment and disposal of these wastes.  Favorable soil properties are required to prevent environmental damage.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Slow Rate Process Treatment of Wastewater"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Slow Rate Process Treatment of Wastewater"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

In this process wastewater is applied to the land at a rate normally between 0.5 and 4.0 inches per week.  The primary purpose is wastewater treatment rather than irrigation of crops.  Application rates commonly exceed those needed for supplemental irrigation for crop production.  The applied wastewater is treated as it moves through the soil.  Much of the treated water percolates to the ground water and some enter the atmosphere by evapotranspiration.  Surface runoff of the applied water generally is not allowed.  Water-logging is avoided either through control of the application rate or the use of tile drains, or both.

The wastewater considered includes municipal wastewater and effluent from food-processing plants, lagoons, and storage ponds.  Municipal wastewater is the waste stream from a municipality.  It contains domestic waste and possibly industrial waste.  It may be, although rarely is, untreated sewage or may be wastewater that has received primary or secondary treatment.  Food-processing wastewater is the wastewater resulting from the preparation of fruits, vegetables, milk, cheese, and meats for public consumption.  In some places, it is high in sodium and chloride.  Lagoon and storage pond effluents, as discussed here, refer to the effluents from a facility used to treat or store food-processing wastewater, domestic wastes, or animal wastes.  Domestic and food-processing wastewater is very dilute, and the effluent from facilities that treat or store it commonly is very low in carbonaceous and nitrogenous matter.  The nitrogen content ranges from 10 to 30 mg/l.  Lagoons or storage ponds for animal wastes have an effluent that has a much higher concentration of these materials mainly because the manure has not been diluted as much as domestic wastes.  The nitrogen content varies considerably but generally is 50 to 2,000 mg/l.  The heavy metal content generally is low; however, chemical analyses should be made prior to use.

Scope: National

The soil-rating guide is based on the treatment of the wastewater and not utilizing wastewater for irrigating of crops.  Vegetation is not a necessary part of the treatment design or process but the basin may be vegetated.  However, it is assumed that crops are grown or may be grown as a part of the soil-plant treatment process.  Checks should be made to ensure that heavy metals and nitrogen are not added in excessive amounts.

Soil properties and qualities considered in rating the degree of limitation are those that affect soil absorption, plant growth, microbial activity, the susceptibility to wind or water erosion, and the application of wastes.  Properties and qualities that affect absorption are the sodium adsorption ratio, depth to a seasonal high water table, the available water capacity, permeability, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, soil reaction, cation exchange capacity, and slope.  Soil reaction, the sodium adsorption ratio, salinity, and bulk density are soil properties that affect plant growth and microbial activity.  Wind erodibility group, erosion factor, slope, and susceptibility to flooding are used to measure the potential for wind erosion and water erosion.  Stones can interfere with the application of wastes.  Permanently frozen soils are not suited to treating wastewater.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Low adsorption: Soils with low CEC to clay ratio have limited potential for sequestering heavy metals and other potential pollutants found in agricultural waste and sustaining vigorous plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average of the cec/clay ratio (calculated from cec and clay representative values) to a depth of 150cm or to bedrock or a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 0.050
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0.050 to  < 0.150
		Not limiting		=> 0.150
		
	Null cec or clay are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm-250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 35%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15% to <= 35%
		Not limiting		=< 15%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Filtering capacity: The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat within a depth of 150cm.
	
	Property used: KSAT HIGHEST MINIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 > 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > 14.1 and <= 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=< 14.1 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4. Flooding: Flooding at frequency greater then rare has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is impeded and runoff, infiltration, and percolation of pollutants may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity above a restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=< .4 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > .4 and < 4 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=> 4 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity and may induce salinity toxicity, which restricts vigorous plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) of the surface layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 => 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 => 4 to < 8 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock limits the volume of material suitable for use as landfill cover.  Soils that are shallow are also difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of the installed application.  Shallow soils are also difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Too steep for surface application: Steep slopes impede site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restrict the surface application of irrigation water.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 and < 8%
		Not limiting		=< 3%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	12. Too steep for sprinkler application: Steep slopes allow wastewater to move offsite to quickly and impede site preparation such as shaping and leveling.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 12%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 6 and < 12%
		Not limiting		=< 6%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	13. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 20"" (0-50 cm).

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 to =< 13
		Not limiting		<= 3 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	14. Large stones on the surface: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 >  5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	15. Too acid: Soils with low surface pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plan growth.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 6.5%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 5.0 to < 6.5%
		Not limiting		 < 5.0
		
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may be difficult to reclaim and revegetate.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 60cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 60 to < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|10/29/2009 09:31:31|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805417"
"OR067"|"BLM - Chaining Suitability"|"suitability"|"Chaining

Chaining is commonly practiced, sometimes in combination with seeding, for rangeland restoration.  Chaining is implemented to reduce the composition of pinyon and juniper trees, mesquite, or sagebrush.  Chaining also helps bury seed broadcast prior to chaining or between double-chainings.

Chaining is often performed with an ""Ely"" chain or other similarly modified heavy chain dragged in a loose U-shaped or J-shaped pattern between two crawler-type tractors.

The chaining suitability ratings represent the relative physical limitations of soil factors upon use of implements suitable for chaining rangeland sites.  This rating should be used in conjunction with the rangeland seeding rating or the opportunity for restoration rating depending upon whether seeding or natural regeneration will be utilized on the site.

Steep slopes limit the ability to safely perform the chaining operation along the contour.  Stones and rock outcrop potentially hinder the operation of the equipment.  High water table affects the timing of tillage by limiting access to the site.  On-site investigation is recommended before implementing any chaining projects.

Property	Well		Suited		Poorly

Slope (%)	0-12		13-30		>30

Surface         0-3		3-15		>15
Fragments
>25cm (%)

Depth to High   >60             30-60           <30
Water Table
(cm)"|04/20/2009 14:15:09|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805432"
"OR067"|"BLM - Fencing"|"suitability"|"Fencing

Livestock fencing is the construction and maintenance of barriers for the management of livestock.  Fences are constructed using metal or wooden posts that are either treated or untreated to prevent rotting.  The posts are buried at least two feet into the soil with strands of barbed or smooth wire or mesh wire suspended between the posts.  It is desirable for livestock fence design to provide for wildlife movement.
 
This guide is used to rate the ease of setting posts, maintaining the wire tension, and estimating the replacement and maintenance cost.  Excavations for wooden posts are made by power auger or hand dug; metal posts are driven into the soil.
 
Bedrock, cemented pan, and large and small stones influence the excavation of post holes and the driving of posts.  Flooding and depth to a seasonal high water table may restrict the season of construction.  Flooding also affects maintenance and replacement cost.  High water tables raise the maintenance cost and require deeper post settings.  High shrink-swell soils require deep post settings or rock jacks to maintain vertical post alignment.  Setting posts in permanently frozen soil may cause loss of the insulation qualities of the soil and result in thermokarst topography.  Post alignment and maintaining the desired wire tension are often difficult on sandy soils due to their low strength.  Soil blowing causes maintenance problems.  Frost action results in frost-heaving of the posts.  Steep slopes affect the use power augers and the delivery of supplies.  During the wet seasons surface creep on steep slopes increases maintenance.  Soil reaction and salinity affect the type of post selected and maintenance costs.

Soil map units that contain more than 10 percent rock outcrop should be rated SEVERE.
 
Property	Well Suited	Suited		Poorly Suited

% Clay (0-60cm)	<35		35-40		>40

% Sand (0-60cm)	<85		85-90		>90

Flooding	N, VR, R	O		F, VF

Soil Depth (cm)	>60		25-60		<25

% Fragments	<25		25-50		>50
7.5-25cm
(0-60cm)

% Fragments	<5		5-15		>15
>25cm
(0-60cm)

Water Table	>60		30-60		<30
(cm)

Slope (%)	<15		15-30		>30

Salinity	<4		4-12		>12
0-60cm
(mmhos/cm)"|04/20/2009 14:15:09|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805402"
"OR067"|"BLM - Fire Damage Susceptibility"|"limitation"|"Fire Damage Vulnerability

Wildfire is a naturally occurring event that has helped maintain ecosystem function in wildlands.  Wildfire can be caused by natural ignition, such as lightning strike, or by man-caused ignition.  Buildup of excess fuel loads can result in high severity fires that damage the soils in the burn area.  Prescribed burning is a restoration practice that is primarily designed to help return the natural fire cycle to the landscape.  Properly carried out on suitable sites, burning can be a very effective and cost efficient treatment method to help restore the desired composition of plant species in an ecological site, improve livestock access on heavy brush os slash sites, rejuvenate sprouting browse species and stagnant grass plants, release nutrients into the soil, improve palatability and nutrient content of forage, reduce fuel loading, and prepare an ash seedbed for artificial or natural seeding.  Burning may be combined with mechanical or chemical rangeland treatments.

Fuel ignition for prescribed burning can be natural or artificial using hand-held drip torches, aerial ignition, and other methods.  Fire lines can be natural fuel breaks, wetline techniques, hand constructed, or machinery constructed.

The vulnerability to fire damage ratings represent the relative risk of creating a water repellant layer, volatilization of essential soil nutrients, destruction of soil biological activity, and vulnerability to water and wind erosion prior to reestablishing adequate watershed cover on the burned site.  The vulnerability to fire damage ratings are directly related to burn severity (e.g. a low-moderate severity burn will not result in water repellant layer formation).  This rating should be used in conjunction with the rangeland seeding rating or the opportunity for restoration rating depending upon whether seeding or natural regeneration will be utilized on the site.

Sandy soils are more susceptible to formation of a water repellant layer.  High rock fragment content increases the rate of heat transfer into the soil.  Steep slopes increase the vulnerability to water erosion.  Vulnerability to formation of hydrophobic or water repellant layers varies by vegetation type.  As an example, pinyon-juniper, Arizona chaparral, and California chaparral vegetation types are more susceptible to hydrophobicity than other shrubland or grassland vegetation types.

The impacts of wildfire to soils of the burn area need to be assessed to prioritize burned area emergency rehabilitation and revegetation efforts.

Prescribed burning should be carefully planned and executed.  It should be carried out following a well designed prescription and burn plan under the supervision of a qualified prescribed burning team.  Burning objectives should be clearly defined and should be evaluated during post-burn assessments.  Minimizing risks to human health, safety, and property damage and containment of the burn are of paramount importance.

Hot, dry south slopes are more susceptible to fire damage than cooler slopes.  Fire mortality of desirable plants needs to be taken into consideration during wildfire restoration and prescribed burning planning.  On-site investigation is recommended before implementing any wildfire restoration or prescribed burning projects.

Property		Low		Moderate	High

Sand (%)		<43		43-90		>90
Surface Layer

Fragments >2mm (%)	<35		35-60		>60

Slope (%)
Kw <.20			<20		20-40			>40
Kw .20-.32		<15		15-35			>35
Kw >.32			<10		10-25			>25

WEG			5,6,7,8		3,4,4L			1,2"|04/20/2009 14:16:44|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805474"
"OR067"|"BLM - Fugitive Dust Resistance"|"suitability"|"Fugitive Dust

Fugitive dust resistance rates the vulnerability of a site for eroded soil particles to go into suspension during a windstorm.  Fugitive dust can create extreme visibility reductions during severe wind storms creating traffic hazards and closing airports.  Power outages, expensive cleanup costs, damage to computers and communications equipment from dust, transport of potentially harmful chemicals adhering to the soil particles, and loss of soil nutrients are some of the potential effects of fugitive dust.  A positive impact is that nutrient enrichment can occur where fugitive dust is deposited.

Fugitive dust is a source of PM10 which is one of the seven air pollutants the Environmental Protection Agency regulates under the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).  To a lesser extent, fugitive dust is a source of PM2.5 which has proposed regulations pending under NAAQS.  PM10 and PM2.5 are defined as particulate matter with a mean diameter less than 10 microns and 2.5 microns respectively.  These soil particles are very small, can remain suspended in the air for long periods of time, and are easily inhaled into the deep lungs.  Increased risk of death and disease have been linked to periods of high outdoor PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations.  These fine particles can potentially be lifted thousands of feet into the atmosphere and transported across continents and oceans creating global health, ecological, and climate change impacts.

The soil properties and qualities that affect fugitive dust are size of surface soil particles, rock fragment content, organic matter content, calcium carbonate equivalent, aggregate stability and presence of a stable soil crust.  Clay particles have a strong propensity to form relatively large, durable soil aggregates and not contribute appreciably to fugitive dust unless these aggregates are broken down by intensive surface disturbance.  Soil moisture and the presence of frozen soil also influence fugitive dust.  Activities which break down soil aggregates and crusts increase wind erosion and production of fugitive dust.

Property	Resistant	Moderately	Vulnerable
				Resistant
				
(vfs + si	<5		5-10		>10
+ clay) /
.5(clay) [surface
layer]

Surface fragments in the surface layer act as a modifier.  The evaluation is a sigmoid curve with a value of 0 at 0% and a value of 1 at 70%.  This modifier is added to the surface texture rule.

Calcium carbonate equivalent in the surface layer acts as a modifier.  The evaluation produces a value of 1 at 0% and a value of 0 at 25%."|04/20/2009 14:15:09|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805464"
"OR067"|"BLM - Mechanical Treatment, Rolling Drum"|"suitability"|"Rolling Drum Mechanical Treatment

Rolling drum mechanical treatment is commonly practiced, sometimes in combination with seeding, for rangeland restoration.  Rolling drum mechanical treatment is implemented to reduce the size and composition of brush and young, smaller-sized trees, increase infiltration, and reduce runoff and erosion.  The equipment may also help bury seed broadcast prior to or during treatment.  The drums are often filled with water, or a slurry of water and soil, to increase drum weight and improve treatment effectiveness.

Rolling drum mechanical treatment is usually performed with a roller chopper, spiral-blade chopper, or land imprinter.  Roller choppers utilize a cylindrical drum, equipped with several full-length cutting blades, that is towed behind a crawler-type tractor.  Spiral-blade choppers use small blades welded to heavy drums in a staggered, spiral pattern around the drum.  Land imprinters use a heavy drum with wedges to imprint small depressions into the soil and are mainly used for seedbed preparation.

The rolling drum mechanical treatment suitability ratings represent the relative physical limitations of soil factors upon use of rolling drum implements suitable for treatment of rangeland sites.  This rating should be used in conjunction with the rangeland seeding rating or the opportunity for restoration rating depending upon whether seeding or natural regeneration will be utilized on the site.

Steep slopes increase the power requirements for the equipment and limit the ability to safely perform the roller chopping operation.  Stones and rock outcrop damage the blades of the roller chopper and make towing more difficult.  High clay content reduces effectiveness of the treatment.  High water table affects the timing of tillage by limiting access to the site.  On-site investigation is recommended before implementing any rolling drum mechanical treatment projects.

Property		Well		Suited		Poorly
			Suited				Suited
			
Slope (%)		<16		16-30		>30

Surface Fragments	<0.1		0.1-3.0		>3.0
>25cm (% cover)

Clay (%)		<20		20-40		>40
Surface Layer

Depth to		>60		30-60		<30
Water Table (cm)"|04/20/2009 14:15:09|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805434"
"OR067"|"BLM - Mechanical Treatment, Shredder"|"suitability"|"Shredder Mechanical Treatment

Shredder mechanical treatment is commonly practiced, sometimes in combination with seeding, for rangeland restoration.  This type of treatment is often implemented in sagebrush, mountain shrub, and pinyon-juniper vegetation types to reduce the size and composition of dense brush and trees up to 15-18 inches diameter, depending upon the equipment used.  The treatment objectives can include reducing hazardous fuel loads, increasing forage for livestock and wildlife, increased infiltration, and reduced runoff and erosion.  The equipment may also help bury seed broadcast prior to or during treatment.

There are several types of shredder equipment used for these treatments.  One of the most commonly used is a large, articulated tractor with a front-mounted, 6-8 foot wide, hydraulically controlled mower/mulcher head.  The machine has rubber, flotation-type tires which are designed for minimal ground disturbance.  The mower/mulcher head is lifted above the tree or shrub top and lowered quickly, usually completely chopping the plant in less than 15 seconds.  The rubber tired machine can also be equipped with flail shredders which use blades attached to a long, rotating horizontal shaft.  The rotating drum can be 3 to 6 feet wide by 2 feet in diameter and is often mounted on the end of a boom.  The most common type of rubber-tired shredder can safely operate on slopes up to about 20%.  Tracked vehicles are also used which can be crawler tractors or excavators equipped with a flail type or mower/shredder type attachment to shred the shrubs or trees.  Escavators have the shredder attachment mounted on a boom that can extend in any direction.  The tracked shredders can operate on slopes up to around 30-35%.  Large pieces of debris can be thrown 200-300 feet during shredder operation, so safety to bystanders is an issue.

The shredder mechanical treatment suitability ratings represent the relative physical limitations of soil factors upon use of shredder implements suitable for treatment of rangeland sites.  This rating should be used in conjunction with the rangeland seeding rating or the opportunity for restoration rating depending upon whether seeding or natural regeneration will be utilized on the site.

Steep slopes increase the power requirements for the equipment and limit the ability to safely perform the shredder opeeration.  Stones and rock outcrop make equipment operation more difficult.  High water table affects the timing of tillage by limiting access to the site.  On-site investigation is recommended before implementing any shredder mechanical treatment projects.

Property		Well		Suited		Poorly
			Suited				Suited
			
Slope (%)		<20		20-35		>35

Surface Fragments	<3		3-15		>15
>25cm (% cover)

Depth to		>60		30-60		<30
Water Table (cm)"|04/20/2009 14:15:09|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805430"
"OR067"|"BLM - Medusahead Invasion Susceptibility"|"limitation"|"Great Basin Ecoregion
Medusahead Invasion Vulnerability

Medusahead or medusahead wildrye (Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski) is an introduced, ccol-season annual grass that is a major concern to range ecologists, wildlife biologists, and the livestock industry.  It is an aggressive invader of disturbed or poor condition sagebrush sites that can suppress desirable, native vegetation.  Medusahead is unpalatable to livestock and most wildlife species, the seeds are not digestible by upland game birds and other bird species, the long barbed awns can cause injury to the eyes, noses, and mouths of grazing animals, and it can increase wildfire incidence in some dwarf sagebrush communities.  It is listed as a noxious weed in California, Colorado, Nevada, Oregon, and Utah.

The medusahead invasion vulnerability ratings guide is general in nature.  It is designed to be used in the planning process to identify areas with a low resistance to invasion by medusahead.  This allows the user to plan and develop management practices that will reduce the probability of medusahead invasion.

The interpretation provides invasion vulnerability ratings and identifies the dominant soil and site characteristics that influence the susceptibility of the site to medusahead invasion.  Soils that are classified as HIGHLY VULNERABLE have a high susceptibility to medusahead invasion.  A VULNERABLE rating indicates that the site is moderately susceptible to medusahead invasion.  A LESS VULNERABLE rating indicates that the soil characteristics may limit establishment of medusahead invasions.

Property	Less		Vulnerable	Highly
		Vulnerable			Vulnerable

MAP ""		<2		2-10		10-20
		>40		20-40

Clay %, 0-12""	<23		23-35		>35

Temp Regime	Thermic,	Frigid		Mesic
		Hyperthermic,
		Cryic,
		Pergelic
		
Drainage Class	Poorly,		Somewhat	Well,
		Very Poorly,	Poorly		Moderately Well
		Excessively,
		Somewhat Excessively"|06/01/2009 10:24:38|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805445"
"OR067"|"BLM - Pygmy Rabbit Habitat Potential"|"suitability"|"Pygmy Rabbit Habitat

Pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) are found in SE Washington, E Oregon, S Idaho, SW Montana, SW Wyoming, NE California, N Nevada, and W Utah.  Though the historical population and range of the pygmy rabbit is unclear, evidence suggests it was significantly larger than at present.  Habitat loss and fragmentation, agricultural conversion, sagebrush burning, and hunting are the primary causes of this decline.  The pygmy rabbit is a candidate species for listing by the US Fish and Wildlife Service.  The Columbia Basin pygmy rabbit is currently on the Federal endangered species list.

Pygmy rabbits spend the majority of their lives within 30 meters of their burrows.  They depend upon sagebrush for 98% of their winter diet, and a high portion of their spring and summer diet.  Their habitat is closely associated with dense, tall sagebrush stands.  Unlike other rabbits, pygmy rabbits dig their own burrows so they require deep, loose soils with low rock content.

This interpretation guide is of a general nature.  It provides suitability ratings and identifies the soil and dominant plant composition characteristics that influence the potential of the site for providing habitat for pygmy rabbits.  This information allows the user to plan and develop restoration efforts for pygmy rabbits.

Soils and the associated vegetation that are rated well suited have no restrictions and provide favorable potential habitat for pygmy rabbits.  A suited rating implies that the site provides less favorable potential habitat for pygmy rabbits.  There are some restrictive soil or plant compostion features that limit the suitability of the site.  A poorly suited rating indicates that the site characteristics are such that they do not provide potential habitat for pygmy rabbits without considerable effort to artificially create sagebrush habitat outside its natural range of occurence.  Existing plant composition whould be used in combination with the ratings to help determine current habitat conditions and restoration needs based on the requirements of the wildlife species for food and cover.

Property	High		Moderate	Low
		Potential	Potential	Potential

Plant %		>10		5-10		<5
(ARTR2, ARTRT
ARTRW8, ARTRV
ARTRS2, ARTR4)

Depth to	>100		50-100		<50
Restrictive
Layer (cm)

Clay %		<12		12-27		>27
thickest layer
(0-100cm)

Texture		<=sl		lfs-cosl	>=ls
thickest layer
(0-100cm)

Fragments	<10		10-25		>25
>75mm thickest
layer (0-100cm)

Fragments	<15		15-35		>35
2-75mm thickest
layer (0-100cm)

Water Table	>90		45-90		<45
(cm)

Flooding	None		Rare, VR	>Rare

Ponding		None				>None

Slope %		<16		16-30		>30"|01/25/2010 12:11:15|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805415"
"OR067"|"BLM - Soil Restoration Potential"|"suitability"|"Restoration Opportunity

Opportunity for restoration criteria are based upon the inherent ability of the soil to recover from degradation, often referred to as soil resilience.  The ability to recover from degradation means the ability to restore functional and structural integrity after a disturbance.  Both the rate and degree of recovery need to be considered.  Soil functions that are important include sustaining biological activity, diversity and productivity; capture, storage and release of water; storing and cycling nutrients and other elements; filtering, buffering, degrading, immobilizing and detoxifying contaminants; providing support for plant and animal life; and protection for archeological sites.  Restoration goals may include re-establishment of a preferred natural plant assemblage of the ecological site that occurred prior to decline to a degraded state.

Soil resilience is dependent upon adequate stores of organic matter, good soil structure, low salt and sodium levels, adequate nutrient levels, microbial biomass and diversity, adequate precipitation for recovery, and other soil properties.  Dynamic soil properties, such as microbial biomass and diversity or carbon nitrogen ratio, are not used for this rating since they are not contained within NASIS.

This rating should be used to help prioritize areas for restoration projects, such as prescribed burning, chaining, or herbicide application, that depend upon natural vegetation recovery.  On-site investigation is recommended before undertaking any restoration project.

Property	High		Moderate	Low

MAP (mm)	>300		225-300		<225

Depth to	>50		25-50		<25
Restrictive
Layer (cm)

Salinity,	<8		8-15.9		>=16
0-50cm
(mmhos/cm)

SAR, 0-50cm	<8		8-12.9		>=13"|04/20/2009 14:15:09|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805428"
"OR067"|"BLM - Yellow Star-thistle Invasion Susceptibility"|"limitation"|"Yellow Star-Thistle Invasion Vulnerability

Yellow star-thistle (Centaurea solstitialis L) is an introduced, winter annual forb that is a major concern to range ecologists, wildlife biologists, recreationists, and the livestock industry.  It is an aggressive invader of disturbed or poor condition rangeland sites that can suppress desirable, native vegetation.  Yellow star-thistle has low palatability and nutritional value for livestock and most wildlife species, is toxic to horses, and it can increase wildfire incidence in some dwarf sagebrush communities.  The seed is eaten by several species of birds and it is considered an important honey source plant in California and other western states.  Yellow star-thistle is listed as a noxious weed in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, and Washington.

The yellow star-thistle invasion vulnerability ratings guide is general in nature.  It is designed to be used in the planning process to identify areas with a high vulnerability to invasion by yellow star-thistle.  This allows the user to plan and develop management practices that will reduce the probability of yellow star-thistle invasion.

The interpretations provide invasion vulnerability ratings and identify the dominant soil and site characteristics that influence the susceptibility of the site to yellow star-thistle invasion.  Soils that are HIGHLY VULNERABLE have a high susceptibility to yellow star-thistle invasion.  A VULNERABLE rating indicates that the site is moderately susceptible to yellow star-thistle invasion.  A LESS VULNERABLE rating indicates that the soil characteristics may limit establishment of yellow star-thistle invasions.  Other factors, such as proximity to a seed source, also need to be considered in determining vulnerability to yellow star-thistle invasion.

Property		Highly		Vulnerable	Less
			Vulnerable			Vulnerable
			
Precipitation (mm)	250-760		760-1270	<250
							>1270
							
Depth (cm)		>100		50-100		<50

AWC (cm) in 150cm	>13		6-13		<6

Texture, Surface	vfsl-sil	cosl-fsl	cos-lvfs
					scl-sicl	sc-c
					
Fragments, Surface (%)	<35		35-60		>60
>2mm

Aspect, degrees		90-270		45-90		0-45
					270-315		315-360"|04/20/2009 14:18:24|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805398"
"OR067"|"DHS - Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Pit"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as ""Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Pit"".  If a soil's property within 200 cm (~79 inches) of the soil surface has a membership index greater than zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership index for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Pit"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Pit is a method of disposing dead animals by placing the carcasses in successive layers in an excavated pit.  The carcasses are spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil that is excavated from the pit.  When the pit is full, a final cover of soil material at least 2 feet thick is placed over the burial pit.

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or floodwater.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

The estimated land area needed to dispose of mature cattle ranges from 1.2 (McDaniel, 1991) to 3.5 (Ollis, 2002) cubic yards.  A single adult bovine is considered equivalent to 5 sheep or 5 hogs (McDaniel, 1991; USDA, 1980).  Lund et al estimate that about 92,000 cubic yards of volume would be needed to dispose of 30,000 head of cattle, assuming a trench depth of 8.5 feet (which is somewhat below the depth of observation for typical soil survey).  This is about seven acres.  Leachate collection should be considered because the putrefaction of one adult bovine is estimated to release 21 gallons of fluid in the first week and a total of about 42 gallons in the first month (Munroe, 2001).  Collection of gases released during the decomposition process should also be considered. 

Ratings are based on properties and qualities to the depth normally observed during soil mapping (approximately 6 or 7 feet).  However, because pits may be as deep as 15 feet or more, geologic investigations are needed to determine the potential for pollution of ground water as well as to determine the design needed.  These investigations, which are generally arranged by the pit developer, include the examination of stratification, rock formations, and geologic conditions that might lead to the conducting of leachates to aquifers, wells, watercourses, and other water sources.  The presence of hard, nonrippable bedrock, bedrock crevices, or highly permeable strata in or immediately underlying the proposed pit bottom is undesirable because of the difficulty in excavation and the potential pollution of underground water.

Properties that influence the risk of pollution, ease of excavation, trafficability, and revegetation are major considerations.  Soils that flood or have a water table within the depth of excavation present a potential pollution hazard and are difficult to excavate.  Slope is an important consideration because it affects the work involved in road construction, the performance of the roads, and the control of surface water around the pit.  It may also cause difficulty in constructing pits for which the pit bottom must be kept level and oriented to follow the contour.

The ease with which the pit is dug and with which a soil can be used as daily and final covers is based largely on texture and consistence of the soil.  The texture and consistence of a soil determine the degree of workability of the soil both when dry and when wet.  Soils that are plastic and sticky when wet are difficult to excavate, grade, or compact and difficult to place as a uniformly thick cover over a layer of carcasses.  The uppermost part of the final cover should be soil material that is favorable for the growth of plants.  It should not contain excess sodium or salt and should not be too acid.  In comparison with other horizons, the A horizon in most soils has the best workability and the highest content of organic matter.  Thus, for a Large Animal Disposal, Pit operation it may be desirable to stockpile the surface layer for use in the final blanketing of the filled pit area.

References:

Lund, R. D., I. Kruger, and P. Weldon. Options for the mechanised slaughter and disposal of contaigous diseased animals - a discussion paper. Proceedings form Conference on Agricultural Engineering, Adelaide.

McDaniel, H. A.1991. Environmental protection during animal disease eradication programmes. Revue scientifique et technique Office international des Epizooties, 10(3), 867-884.

Munro, Ronald. 2001. Decomposition of farm animals corpses in mass burial sites. Veterinary Laboratories Agency report,, United Kingdom, pp 1-9.

Ollis, Gerald. 2002. Pre-selecting mass carcass disposal sites. View on-line at: http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex5727

USDA. 1980. APHIS. Foot and mouth disease - guidelines for eradication. Hyattsville, MD. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services.



Criteria used:

1.  Adsorption:  Soils having a low cec or ecec may not attenuate biohazardous material from the decay process.  It is assumed that the upper 25 cm of the site will be stockpiled for use in revegetating the site.  It is also assumed that alternating layers of soil and biological materials will be placed in the excavation.

Soils having low CEC or ECEC are not able to retain some leachates.  A soil is a full member of the set of soils having low adsorption if the CEC or ECEC to clay ratio is below 0.05, a partial member between 0.05 and 0.15, and a nonmember if the cec or ecec to clay ratio is over 0.150.
	
	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY IN DEPTH 30-200cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		Below 0.05 meq/100g
		Somewhat limiting	0.05-0.15 meq/100g
		Not limiting		> 0.15 meq/100g
		
	The fuzzy number is weighted by 0.25, meaning this rule cannot cause the component to be absolutely true that the site is limited for the intended land use.

			
Null clay activity is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class.

2.  Porous bedrock: Limestone bedrock (and other types) may have numerous solution channels that allow contaminants to enter the groundwater quickly and with no renovation.  The porous nature of the bedrock is often reflected by ""karst"" phases of map units.  Deeper soils will tend to lessen the risk of contamination.

		  Evaluation used: BEDROCK IS LIMESTONE

		  
		  Property used: LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO
		  
		  Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  

3.  Depth to thick/thin cemented pan: Depth to thick or thin cemented pan may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when potentially hazardous materials are buried in the soil.   Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. If pan thickness is < 46cm then the rating is reduced by half.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
4.  Too clayey:  This rule evaluates textures from the thickest layers between 30 and 200 cm.  Textures of cl, sicl, sc, sic, and c are rated as too clayey.  If clay minerology is kaolinitic or the soil is in an aridic moisture regime the clay content is not a restrictive feature.  Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to spread and compact.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes and is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic. Soil feature considered is the weighted average of clay content between 30 and 200cm or above a restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>45 percent
		Somewhat limiting	27-45 percent
		Not limiting		<27 percent
			
	Null clay contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
 
	AND

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by multiplying by 0.5.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated.
	
	
	
	Soil Moisture: clayey soils can be difficult to work when they are moist.  The moisture content of unsaturated soil is time dependent as well as spatially variable.  The spatial variation in the soil moisture is described by the taxonomic soil moisture class.

Property used: TAXONOMIC MOISTURE CLASS RATER

Limits: 		
			IF moisture matches ""aridic*"" THEN 0, not limiting
			IF moisture matches ""xeric"" THEN .3, somewhat limiting
			IF moisture matches ""ustic"" THEN .5, somewhat limiting
			IF moisture matches ""udic"" THEN .8, somewhat limiting
			IF moisture matches ""perudic"", ""aquic"", ""peraquic"" THEN 1, limiting.
			
			
		Null values are assigned to the limiting class.
		
		
		
5.  Unstable Excavation Walls:  Under certain circumstances, the sides of an excavation may collapse.  This can be hazardous to anyone in the trench or near the edge at the time of failure.  The sloughed material may need to be removed from the trench, increasing the time needed to excavate.  The sides of the trench may need to be made to reflect the angle of repose of the material or be shored.
	
	
		A. Instability of the excavation walls can be caused by the coarseness of the soil material.
		
		Property used: FRAGMENT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
		Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 80 percent by volume
		     Somewhat limiting	60-80 percent by volume
		     Not limiting	Less than 60 percent by volume
		     
		 Property used: SAND PERCENT LESS CLAY IN DEPTH 30-180CM
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 185
		     Somewhat limiting	170-185
		     Not limiting	Less than 170
		     
		  (The clay content is subtracted from the sand content.  100 is added to the difference to keep the numbers positive.  This number is a sort of effective sand content, adjusting for the adhesiveness of clay.)
		     
		     
		 B.  High shrink-swell can cause instability of excavation walls
		 
		 Property used: LEP 25-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		LEP above 9
		     Somwewhat limiting	LEP 6 to 9
		     Not limiting	LEP less than 6
		     
		     
		  C. Silty material that is not loess can be unstable.
		  
		  Property used: PARENT MATERIAL KIND IS LOESS
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		High silt and not loess
		     Not limiting	High silt and is loess
		     
		  Property used: SILT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Somewhat limiting	Greater than 75 percent silt
		     Not limiting	Less than 75 percent silt
		     
		  Silt content is not considered to ever be a severe limitation.
		  
		  
		  
6.  Too Sandy: Sandy soils may slump and are droughty, making establishment of vegetative cover difficult.  Soil feature considered is the sand content, minus clay, of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 200cm or above a cemented restrictive layer.  This rule evaluates the weighted average of sand minus clay between 30 and 180 cm.  Textures of LCOS, LS, LFS, LVFS, COS, S, FS, VFS, and SG are rated as too sandy.
		
	Property used: SAND PERCENT LESS CLAY IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= >70
		Not limiting		All others
			
	Null sand contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
7.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
8.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 200cm
		Somewhat limiting	200-220cm
		Not limiting		=> 220cm
		
		
		Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE PERCHED MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 160cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 160 to =< 200cm
		Not limiting		 > 200cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
9.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 30 and 200cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 30-200cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
10.  Large stones on the surface: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 >  5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
11.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 180 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm Wt. Ave. 0-180cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25% to < 50%
		Not limiting		=< 25%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
	
	
	
12.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
13.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond have restrictions that limit the installation and function of most land use applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Limiting	    = ""none""
		Limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
14.  Rock Outcrop:  Areas that have rock outcrop in the vicinity are not likely to have a sufficiently large area of soil for the facility.  Rock outcrops can interfere with renovation of the leachate from the facility.
        
        Property used: PA ROCK OUTCROP 2(Modality - representative value)
        
        Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" occurs in the map unit name.
		Not limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" does not occur in the map unit name.
		
		
Any soil with a portion or full map unit name of Rock Outcrop is returned as a value of 1 and is given the rating of Rock Outcrop and is considered a limitation.

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""rocky"" is returned as a value of .3 and is given the rating of ""Slight Rock Outcrop"".

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""very rocky"" is returned as a value of .7 and is given the rating of ""Severe Rock Outcrop"".

All map units have a name, no null data should be encountered.


15.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest salinity (electrical conductivity) for all horizons.
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		<= 16 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
16.  Seepage:  The soil's bottom layer Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids through the soil and underlying materials is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the Ksat of the bottom layer or the layer immediately above bedrock.  In areas where seepage is somewhat limiting, a clay liner may be used to lower the transmission rate of the bottom of the pit.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.   
	
	Property used: KSAT BOTTOM HORIZON (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 => 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat limiting	 14-42 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		  < 14.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
6/15/04 PRF modified the hedge from ""NULL NOT RATED"" to ""NOT NULL AND"".  The Null values were throwing out a ""Not Rated"" that affected the final rating.



17.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. These soils may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when trench landfills are installed. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 200cm
		Not limiting		=> 200cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
18.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 12%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 5 and <= 12%
		Not limiting		< 5%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	
	
19.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Not limiting		<= 13 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
20.  Water Gathering Surface: Some surfaces are shaped so as to gather water.  This additional water may cause problems for land use.  Soils that are concave up and down their slope and concave across their slope are most strongly water gathering.  Soils that are concave across their slope and linear or convex up and down their slopes are less water collecting.  Soils that are linear across their slopes and concave up and down their slopes are somewhat water collecting.  Soils that are convex up and down their slopes and convex across their slopes are the least water gathering.

Water gathering (concave) surfaces can concentrate water flow and cause accelerated erosion.  Increased costs because of materials and land shaping may be needed to prevent erosion.
		  
		  Property Used: WATER GATHERING SURFACE
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		    Somewhat Limiting		Concave up-down, concave across surfaces
		    Slightly limiting		Concave across, linear or convex up-down
		    Not limiting		All other surface shapes
		    
		  NOTE!!!  The fuzzy number returned by this rule can not exceed 0.5.
		  
Null slope shape is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class.



21.  Too acid: Soils with low pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the minimum (pH) of the soil layers.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER (Minimum) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class."|01/12/2010 15:02:29|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805489"
"OR067"|"DHS - Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Trench"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as ""Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Trench"".  If a soil's property within 200 cm (~79 inches) of the soil surface has a membership index greater than zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership index for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Trench"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Trench is a method of disposing dead animals by placing the carcasses in successive layers in an excavated trench.  The carcasses are spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil that is excavated from the trench.  When the trench is full, a final cover of soil material at least 2 feet thick is placed over the filled trench area.

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or floodwater.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

The estimated land area needed to dispose of mature cattle ranges from 1.2 (McDaniel, 1991) to 3.5 (Ollis, 2002) cubic yards.  A single adult bovine is considered equivalent to 5 sheep or 5 hogs (McDaniel, 1991; USDA, 1980).  Lund et al estimate that about 92,000 cubic yards of volume would be needed to dispose of 30,000 head of cattle, assuming a trench depth of 8.5 feet (which is somewhat below the depth of observation for typical soil survey).  This is about seven acres.  Leachate collection should be considered because the putrefaction of one adult bovine is estimated to release 21 gallons of fluid in the first week and a total of about 42 gallons in the first month (Munroe, 2001).  Collection of gases released during the decomposition process should also be considered.  To bury adult hogs or sheep, a rule of thumb is to multiply the capacities listed above by five. For broiler chickens (market-ready weight), multiply the capacity by 200. For turkeys (market-ready weight) multiply the capacity by 40 (Ollis, 2002).  

Ratings are based on properties and qualities to the depth normally observed during soil mapping (approximately 6 or 7 feet).  However, because trenches may be as deep as 15 feet or more, geologic investigations are needed to determine the potential for pollution of ground water as well as to determine the design needed.  These investigations, which are generally arranged by the trench developer, include the examination of stratification, rock formations, and geologic conditions that might lead to the conducting of leachates to aquifers, wells, watercourses, and other water sources.  The presence of hard, nonrippable bedrock, bedrock crevices, or highly permeable strata in or immediately underlying the proposed trench bottom is undesirable because of the difficulty in excavation and the potential pollution of underground water.

Properties that influence the risk of pollution, ease of excavation, trafficability, and revegetation are major considerations.  Soils that flood or have a water table within the depth of excavation present a potential pollution hazard and are difficult to excavate.  Slope is an important consideration because it affects the work involved in road construction, the performance of the roads, and the control of surface water around the trench.  It may also cause difficulty in constructing trenches for which the trench bottom must be kept level and oriented to follow the contour.

The ease with which the trench is dug and with which a soil can be used as daily and final covers is based largely on texture and consistence of the soil.  The texture and consistence of a soil determine the degree of workability of the soil both when dry and when wet.  Soils that are plastic and sticky when wet are difficult to excavate, grade, or compact and difficult to place as a uniformly thick cover over a layer of carcasses.  The uppermost part of the final cover should be soil material that is favorable for the growth of plants.  It should not contain excess sodium or salt and should not be too acid.  In comparison with other horizons, the A horizon in most soils has the best workability and the highest content of organic matter.  Thus, for a Large Animal Disposal, Trench operation it may be desirable to stockpile the surface layer for use in the final blanketing of the filled area.

References:

Lund, R. D., I. Kruger, and P. Weldon. Options for the mechanised slaughter and disposal of contaigous diseased animals - a discussion paper. Proceedings form Conference on Agricultural Engineering, Adelaide.

McDaniel, H. A.1991. Environmental protection during animal disease eradication programmes. Revue scientifique et technique Office international des Epizooties, 10(3), 867-884.

Munro, Ronald. 2001. Decomposition of farm animals corpses in mass burial sites. Veterinary Laboratories Agency report,, United Kingdom, pp 1-9.

Ollis, Gerald. 2002. Pre-selecting mass carcass disposal sites. View on-line at: http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex5727

USDA. 1980. APHIS. Foot and mouth disease - guidelines for eradication. Hyattsville, MD. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services.




Criteria used:

1.  Adsorption:  Soils having a low cec or ecec may not attenuate biohazardous material from the decay process.  It is assumed that the upper 25 cm of the site will be stockpiled for use in revegetating the site.  It is also assumed that alternating layers of soil and biological materials will be placed in the excavation.

Soils having low CEC or ECEC are not able to retain some leachates.  A soil is a full member of the set of soils having low adsorption if the CEC or ECEC to clay ratio is below 0.05, a partial member between 0.05 and 0.15, and a nonmember if the cec or ecec to clay ratio is over 0.150.
	
	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY IN DEPTH 30-200cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		Below 0.05 meq/100g
		Somewhat limiting	0.05-0.15 meq/100g
		Not limiting		> 0.15 meq/100g
		
	The fuzzy number is weighted by 0.25, meaning this rule cannot cause the component to be absolutely true that the site is limited for the intended land use.

			
Null clay activity is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class.

2.  Porous bedrock: Limestone bedrock (and other types) may have numerous solution channels that allow contaminants to enter the groundwater quickly and with no renovation.  The porous nature of the bedrock is often reflected by ""karst"" phases of map units.  Deeper soils will tend to lessen the risk of contamination.

		  Evaluation used: BEDROCK IS LIMESTONE

		  
		  Property used: LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO
		  
		  Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  


3.  Depth to thick/thin cemented pan: Depth to thick or thin cemented pan may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when potentially hazardous materials are buried in the soil.   Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. If pan thickness is < 46cm then the rating is reduced by half.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
4.  Too clayey:  This rule evaluates textures from the thickest layers between 30 and 200 cm.  Textures of cl, sicl, sc, sic, and c are rated as too clayey.  If clay minerology is kaolinitic or the soil is in an aridic moisture regime the clay content is not a restrictive feature.  Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to spread and compact.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes and is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic. Soil feature considered is the weighted average of clay content between 30 and 200cm or above a restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>45 percent
		Somewhat limiting	27-45 percent
		Not limiting		<27 percent
			
	Null clay contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
 
	AND

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by multiplying by 0.5.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated.
	
	
	
	Soil Moisture: clayey soils can be difficult to work when they are moist.  The moisture content of unsaturated soil is time dependent as well as spatially variable.  The spatial variation in the soil moisture is described by the taxonomic soil moisture class.

Property used: TAXONOMIC MOISTURE CLASS RATER

Limits: 		
			IF moisture matches ""aridic*"" THEN 0, not limiting
			IF moisture matches ""xeric"" THEN .3, somewhat limiting
			IF moisture matches ""ustic"" THEN .5, somewhat limiting
			IF moisture matches ""udic"" THEN .8, somewhat limiting
			IF moisture matches ""perudic"", ""aquic"", ""peraquic"" THEN 1, limiting.
			
			
		Null values are assigned to the limiting class.
		
		
		
		
5.  Unstable Excavation Walls:  Under certain circumstances, the sides of an excavation may collapse.  This can be hazardous to anyone in the trench or near the edge at the time of failure.  The sloughed material may need to be removed from the trench, increasing the time needed to excavate.  The sides of the trench may need to be made to reflect the angle of repose of the material or be shored.
	
	
		A. Instability of the  excavation walls can be caused by the coarseness of the soil material.
		
		Property used: FRAGMENT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
		Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 80 percent by volume
		     Somewhat limiting	60-80 percent by volume
		     Not limiting	Less than 60 percent by volume
		     
		 Property used: SAND PERCENT LESS CLAY IN DEPTH 30-180CM
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 185
		     Somewhat limiting	170-185
		     Not limiting	Less than 170
		     
		  (The clay content is subtracted from the sand content.  100 is added to the difference to keep the numbers positive.  This number is a sort of effective sand content, adjusting for the adhesiveness of clay.)
		     
		     
		 B.  High shrink-swell can cause instability of excavation wall.
		 
		 Property used: LEP 25-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		LEP above 9
		     Somwewhat limiting	LEP 6 to 9
		     Not limiting	LEP less than 6
		     
		     
		  C. Silty material that is not loess can be unstable.
		  
		  Property used: PARENT MATERIAL KIND IS LOESS
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		High silt and not loess
		     Not limiting	High silt and is loess
		     
		  Property used: SILT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Somewhat limiting	Greater than 75 percent silt
		     Not limiting	Less than 75 percent silt
		     
		  Silt content is not considered to ever be a severe limitation.
		  
		  
		  
6.  Too Sandy: Sandy soils may slump and are droughty, making establishment of vegetative cover difficult.  Soil feature considered is the sand content, minus clay, of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 200cm or above a cemented restrictive layer.  This rule evaluates the weighted average of sand minus clay between 30 and 180 cm.  Textures of LCOS, LS, LFS, LVFS, COS, S, FS, VFS, and SG are rated as too sandy.
		
	Property used: SAND PERCENT LESS CLAY IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= >70
		Not limiting		All others
			
	Null sand contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
7.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
8.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 200cm
		Somewhat limiting	200-220cm
		Not limiting		=> 220cm
		
		
		Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE PERCHED MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 160cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 160 to =< 200cm
		Not limiting		 > 200cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
9.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 30 and 200cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 30-200cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
	
10.  Large stones on the surface: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 >  5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
11.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 180 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm Wt. Ave. 0-180cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25% to < 50%
		Not limiting		=< 25%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
	
	
	
12.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
13.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond have restrictions that limit the installation and function of most land use applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Limiting	    = ""none""
		Limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
14.  Rock Outcrop:  Areas that have rock outcrop in the vicinity are not likely to have a sufficiently large area of soil for the facility.  Rock outcrops can interfere with renovation of the leachate from the facility.
        
        Property used: PA ROCK OUTCROP 2(Modality - representative value)
        
        Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" occurs in the map unit name.
		Not limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" does not occur in the map unit name.
		
		
Any soil with a portion or full map unit name of Rock Outcrop is returned as a value of 1 and is given the rating of Rock Outcrop and is considered a limitation.

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""rocky"" is returned as a value of .3 and is given the rating of ""Slight Rock Outcrop"".

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""very rocky"" is returned as a value of .7 and is given the rating of ""Severe Rock Outcrop"".

All map units have a name, no null data should be encountered.


15.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest salinity (electrical conductivity) for all horizons.
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		<= 16 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
16.  Seepage:  The soil's bottom layer Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids through the soil and underlying materials is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the Ksat of the bottom layer or the layer immediately above bedrock.  In areas where seepage is somewhat limiting, a clay liner may be used to lower the transmission rate of the bottom of the pit.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.   
	
	Property used: KSAT BOTTOM HORIZON (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 => 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat limiting	 14-42 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		  < 14.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
6/15/04 PRF modified the hedge from ""NULL NOT RATED"" to ""NOT NULL AND"".  The Null values were throwing out a ""Not Rated"" that affected the final rating.



17.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. These soils may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when trench landfills are installed. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 200cm
		Not limiting		=> 200cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
18.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	
	
19.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Not limiting		<= 13 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
20.  Water Gathering Surface: Some surfaces are shaped so as to gather water.  This additional water may cause problems for land use.  Soils that are concave up and down their slope and concave across their slope are most strongly water gathering.  Soils that are concave across their slope and linear or convex up and down their slopes are less water collecting.  Soils that are linear across their slopes and concave up and down their slopes are somewhat water collecting.  Soils that are convex up and down their slopes and convex across their slopes are the least water gathering.

Water gathering (concave) surfaces can concentrate water flow and cause accelerated erosion.  Increased costs because of materials and land shaping may be needed to prevent erosion.
		  
		  Property Used: WATER GATHERING SURFACE
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		    Somewhat Limiting		Concave up-down, concave across surfaces
		    Slightly limiting		Concave across, linear or convex up-down
		    Not limiting		All other surface shapes
		    
		  NOTE!!!  The fuzzy number returned by this rule can not exceed 0.5.
		  
Null slope shape is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class.



21.  Too acid: Soils with low pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the minimum (pH) of the soil layers.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER (Minimum) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class."|01/12/2010 15:02:29|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805460"
"OR067"|"BLM - Rangeland Drill"|"suitability"|"Rangeland Drill

Rangeland drill seeding is commonly practiced, often in combination with vegetation control techniques, to revegetate depleted rangeland.  The rangeland drill was designed for treating rangeland by the USDA Forest Service Equipment Development Center at San Dimas, California.  It is a very heavy-duty, side-wheel drill featuring large wheels, a high-clearance reinforced frame, and single-disk openers that are independently suspended on trailing arms.  The trailing arms have skid plates underneath to prevent breakage.

The rangeland drill suitability ratings represent the relative physical limitations of soil factors upon use of a rangeland drill.  This rating should be used in conjunction with the rangeland seeding rating to ensure that the potential treatment areas would respond favorably to seeding.  It is important to obtain the maximum benefit/cost ratio for expensive restoration/revegetation treatments.

Rock fragments and rock outcrop potentially damage the rangeland drill.  Steep slopes limit the ability to safely operate a rangeland drill along the contour.  High clay content reduces the effectiveness of the rangeland drill and ability to operate equipment during wet soil conditions.  Too sandy surface textures reduce the effectiveness of the rangeland drill.  Ponding, flooding, and high water table affect the timing of rangeland drill seeding by limiting access to the treatment area.  On-sight investigation is recommended before implementing any rangeland drill seeding projects.

Property	Well-Suited	Suited		Poorly Suited

Slope (%)	<15		15-20		>20

Sand (%)	<85		85-90		>90
Surface

Clay (%)	<35		35-40		>40
Surface

Surface		<15		15-35		>35
Fragments
2-250mm
(% volume)

Surface		<0.1		0.1-3		>3
Fragments
>25cm
(% cover)

Depth to	>60		30-60		<30
Water Table (cm)

Ponding						any

Flooding	n, vr, r	o		f, vf"|04/20/2009 14:15:09|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805462"
"OR067"|"BLM - Rangeland Seeding, Great Basin Ecoregion"|"suitability"|"Great Basin Ecoregion
Rangeland Seeding

Rangeland seeding is commonly practiced in combination with vegetation control techniques to revegetate depleted rangeland.  Rangeland seeding may be accomplished using a rangeland drill, broadcast seeding aerially or with ground equipment.

The rangeland seeding suitability ratings represent the effects of soil and climatic factors upon the probability of establishing a successful seeding.

Low precipitation, shallow rooting depth, excess salt, and excess sodium reduce the probability of establishing a successful seeding.

This rangeland seeding guide includes three limit classes:  well suited, suited, and poorly suited.  The soil will be rated according to its most restrictive feature(s).

A well suited rating indicates that a successful seeding can be expected in 8 or more years out of 10.  A wide variety of grass, forb, and shrub species are well adapted to seeding on that site and a high potential forage production level can be anticipated.  The benefit/cost ratios are favorable and these sites should be given primary consideration for rangeland restoration seeding.

A suited rating indicates that a successful seeding can be anticipated in 6 or 7 years out of 10.  A limited number of plant species are adapted to seeding on the site and a moderate potential forage production level can be achieved.  Benefit/cost ratios are somewhat reduced, but may still be favorable.  These soils should be given secondary consideration for rangeland restoration seeding.

A poorly suited rating indicates that a successful seeding can be expected in 4 or 5 years out of 10.  Only a few plant species are adapted to seeding on these soils and a fairly low potential forage production level can be anticipated.  Benefit/cost ratios will be poor.  These sites have a low seeding potential, and it's recommended that they only be considered for restoration seeding if they occur in a mapping unit complex with more favorable soils.  Emergency seeding after fire for erosion control may be justified though.

Property	Well	  Suited	Poorly
		Suited			Suited
		
Ppt (mm)	>330	  250-330	<250

Depth to	>50	  25-50		<25
Restrictive (cm)

Salinity	<4	  4-8		>8
(mmhos/cm)

SAR		<8	  8-13	        >13"|04/20/2009 14:15:09|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805400"
"OR067"|"BLM - Rangeland Tillage"|"suitability"|"Rangeland Tillage

Tillage is the use of mechanized equipment to disturb and to mix the soil usually to a depth of 3 to 12 inches from the surface.  Rangeland tillage is commonly practiced in combination with seeding for rangeland restoration or revegetation.  Plowing or discing is used to reduce the competition of sagebrush, and to a lesser extent, rabbitbrush, greasewood, and annual or perennial herbaceous plants that are considered undesirable.  This treatment also helps remove compacted layers, improve soil tilth, and prepare a firm, friable seedbed for subsequent seeding operations.

Rangeland tillage is usually performed with a brushland plow; wheatland-type (one-way disc) plow; extra heavy-duty, offset discs; or chisel plow.  The brushland plow's rugged construction and independently spring-loaded discs allow it to be used on rough, moderately stony or rocky sites without undue breakage.  The wheatland-type plow is best suited to gentle slopes that are relatively free of stones and rock outcrop.  The extra heavy-duty, offset disc plow is well adapted to use on compact, heavy textured soils.  Chisel plows are used to control weeds, break up compacted soils, and increase water infiltration while leaving plant residue on the soil surface to reduce erosion.  A wide variety of chisel points, sweeps, and shovels are available to accomplish desired tillage.

The rangeland tillage suitability rating represents the relative physical limitations of soil factors upon use of implements suitable for tilling rangeland sites.  This rating should be used in conjunction with the rangeland seeding rating to ensure that the potential treatment areas would respond favorably to seeding.  It is important to obtain the maximum benefit/cost ratio for expensive restoration/revegetation treatments.

Steep slopes limit the ability to safely operate a brushland, wheatland-type, offset disc, or chisel plow along the contour.  Plowing up and down slope accelerates water erosion whereas plowing along the contour reduces water erosion.  However, sandy soils on gentle slopes susceptible to wind erosion should be plowed perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction.  Depth to bedrock or cemented pan restricts the capability to do deep plowing.  Stones and rock outcrop potentially damage and hinder the operation of the equipment.  Ponding, flooding, and high water table affect the timing of tillage by limiting access to the site.  High clay content reduces effectiveness of the tillage implements.  On-sight investigation is recommended before implementing any rangeland tillage projects.

Property		Well		Suited		Poorly
			Suited				Suited

Slope (%)		<11		11-15		>15

Depth (cm)		>50		25-50		<25

Surface Fragments	<0.1		0.1-3.0		>3.0
>25cm (% cover)

Surface Fragments	<15		15-35		>35
75-250mm (% weight)

Sand (%)		<70		70-85		>85
Surface Layer

Clay (%)		<27		27-55		>55
Surface Layer
							
Depth to		>60		30-60		<30
Water Table (cm)

Ponding							any

Flooding		n,vr,r		o		f,vf

WEG			5,6,7,8		3,4,4L		1,2"|04/20/2009 14:15:09|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805472"
"OR067"|"BLM - Site Degradation Susceptibility"|"limitation"|"Site Degradation Vulnerability

Vulnerability to degradation is a function of resistance to degradation.  Resistance to degradation of a rangeland or woodland site is a measure of its ability to function without change throughout a disturbance.  The magnitude of decline in the capacity to function determines the degree of resistance to change.  Resistance to degradation thus could be described as an area's buffering capacity.  This depends upon soil type, vegetation, climate, land use, disturbance regime, temporal and spatial scales.  The disturbance regime determines the type of stresses placed upon the soil, vegetation, and wildlife components of the site.  Thus, soil factors of vulnerability will vary based upon the disturbance regime for a particular site.

The vulnerability to site degradation suitability ratings represent the relative risk of water and wind erosion, salinization, sodification, organic matter and nutrient depletion and/or redistribution, and loss of adequate rooting depth to maintain desired plant communities.  Dynamic soil properties which vary with time, e.g. microbial biomass/diversity and carbon/nitrogen ratio, are not used since they are not contained within STATSGO or SSURGO databases.

Steep slopes increase the vulnerability to water erosion.  Shallow rooting depth, and excess salt or sodium can reduce plant diversity, resistance to stress, and seedling survival.

This rating should be used with the objective to protect vulnerable sites from the type of degradation that would result in accelerated erosion, reduction in water and air quality, invasion by annual grasses or noxious weeds, and other large scale potential natural plant community conversions.  When degradation of soil and natural plant community characteristics goes beyond the threshold for the ecological site, the ecological site characteristics cannot be restored without artificial restoration efforts.

There may be unique circumstances where accelerated soil processes that are normally considered contributing to site degradation are actually beneficial to some attribute of the site, such as Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides) being more competitive in shifting sands than most species.

Property		Low		Moderate		High

Slope (%)
Kw <.20			<20		20-40			>40
Kw .20-.32		<15		15-35			>35
Kw >.32			<10		10-25			>25

WEG			5,6,7,8		3,4,4L			1,2

Salinity (mmhos)	<8		8-16			>16
Surface Layer

SAR			<8		8-13			>13
Surface Layer

Depth (cm)		>50		25-50			<25
First Restriction"|04/20/2009 14:17:48|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805443"
"OR067"|"BLM - Soil Compaction Resistance"|"suitability"|"This interpretation provides a suitability rating for resistance to compaction.  A rating of 1 indicates that the soil is resistant to compaction.  A rating of 0 indicates that the soil is susceptible to compaction.

The following values are used to determine the sub-ratings:

Property		Value			Sub-Rating

Depth to		30cm			1.0
Water Table		 0cm			0.0

Percent Clay		15			1.0
(0-30cm)		50			0.5
			80			1.0

Percent Sand		20			1.0
(0-30cm)		50			0.5
			80			1.0
		
Fragments >2mm		10%			1.0
(surface)		 0%			0.9

Surface Structure	Strong			1.0
Grade			Moderate		0.9
			Weak			0.8
			Structureless		0.8
			
Surface Structure	Coarse			1.0
Size			Very Coarse		1.0
			Thick			1.0
			Very Thick		1.0
			Extremely Thick		1.0
			Medium			0.9
			Very Fine		0.8
			Fine			0.8
			Very Thin		0.8
			Thin			0.8
			
Surface Structure	Angular Blocky		1.0
Type			Cloddy			1.0
			Columnar		1.0
			Massive			1.0
			Prismatic		1.0
			Subangular Blocky	1.0
			Wedge			1.0
			Granular		0.9
			Single Grain		0.9
			Lenticular Platy	0.8
			Platy			0.8
			
Range Production	500 lbs			1.0
			  0 lbs			0.9
			  
Organic Matter		6%			1.0
(surface)		0%			0.9"|04/20/2009 14:15:09|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805458"
"OR067"|"DHS - Potential for Radioactive Bioaccumulation"|"suitability"|"DHS - Hazard of Radioactive Bioaccumulation


Background:

Strontium-90 and Cesium-137 are radionuclides that can be released into the atmosphere as a result of above-ground nuclear explosions and inadvertent leakage from nuclear facilities, such as powerplants.  The behavior of strontium in the soil system is close to calcium.  Both are divalent metal cations.  Strontium, having a slightly smaller hydrated radius is more tightly held by the exchange complex than calcium.  Cesium acts in a fashion similar to potassium.  Both are monovalent metal cations.  Cesium is held more tightly that potassium, due to a smaller hydrated radius.  The characteristics of the soil upon which the radionuclides fall determines whether or not and to what extent they are available to plants and subsequently to animals.

Cations such as strontium or cesium added to the surface of the soil as fallout can have one of several fates.  

1 - They can be taken up by plants and cycled in the organic matter of the soil.  This is particularly true in acidic forest soils where the pH is below 5.5.  At this level of pH, aluminum solubilizes and can become the dominant cation in many soils, essentially driving basic cations off of the exchange into solution, where either they are absorbed by plant roots or they leach from the soil system. 
2 - They can be tied to the exchange surface and rendered more or less unavailable for plant uptake.  Owing to their small concentrations and generally high affinity for adsorption by the exchange, a soil having a large supply of basic cations and plentiful exchange sites will bind the radionuclides away from absorption by plant roots owing simply to mass action.  
3 - If the soil lacks the exchange capacity or the soil reaction is unfavorable for attenuation, they can be leached below the root zone and eventually into ground water or surface waters.  
4 - If the soil contains carbonates or sulfates, strontium can be tied up in the structures of these compounds.  
5 - Cesium, which is similar in ionic radius and charge to potassium can be absorbed by 2:1 layer silicates.

The bioaccumulation of cesium and strontium is favored by several soil conditions.  Low cation exchange capacity in the upper 30cm of soil causes these ions to be in soil solution rather than absorbed.  Low pH (below 5.5) causes the exchange complex to be largely aluminum saturated, which pushes cesium and strontium into soil solution.  A thick organic surface serves as a reservoir for cesium and strontium, especially for uptake and retention by fungi.  A lack of clay minerals in the soil enhances the extent of plant uptake and bioaccumulation.  When first deposited, particulate to which cesium and strontium are adsorbed can be moved around on the landscape by water and wind.  If calcium carbonate or gypsum are present, strontium can be tightly held in these minerals and not available for uptake. 


Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member, or complete members of the set of soils that are suspected of having a high  Hazard for Radioactive Bioaccumulation of radionuclides in plant material growing on the soil component.  If a soil's properties within 30 cm (~12 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater than zero, then that soil property contributes to the bioaccumulation of radioactive material.  The interpretive rating assigned is the minimum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Hazard for Radioactive Bioaccumulation"" interpretive rule.  Minor contributing soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These contributing features could be important factors where the major contributing features are overcome through management, when possible.  Studies from Europe indicate a fairly low mobility in soils, so only the upper 30cm of the profile is considered (Hrachowitz et al, 2005).

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are very low bioaccumulation hazard (rating index = 0), some bioaccumulation hazard (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or high bioaccumulation hazard (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Potential for Radioactive Bioaccumulation is a method of arraying soils based on their hazard for bioaccumulating radionuclides.  This information can be displayed spatially to show the extent and location of areas where bioaccumulation may occur in the event of a leakage of radioactive material.

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.



References:

Bohn, Hinrich, Brian McNeal, and George O'Connor.1979.Soil Chemistry.John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Hrachowitz, Markus, Fran-Josef Maringer, Christian Steineder, and Martin H. Gerzabek.2005. Soil redistribution model for undisturbed and cultivated sites based on Chernobyl-derived cesium-137 fallout. Journal of Environmental Quality. 34:1302-1310.



Criteria Used:


1.  In a soil where little leaching occurs, calcium carbonate or gypsum can accumulate, depending on how dry the soil is.  This subrule rule tests for either calcium carbonate or gypsum.  The lowest fuzzy number is sent to the main rule level.


Subrules used:

NSSC Data:Bioaccumulation carbonate
NSSC Data:Bioaccumulation gypsum
 The lowest fuzzy number result from these two rules is used.

	A.  Calcium carbonate in the soil tightly holds strontium, so if a soil has appreciable carbonates, the potential for sequestration is high. 


Property used: CALCIUM CARBONATE FROM 0 to 30cm


Limits:

	CCE	0	no sequestering from CaCO3
	CCE	0-10	some sequestering from CaCO3
	CCE	>10	high degree of sequestering from CaCO3
	
	Null CaCO3 is assigned 0.
	
	
	B.  Calcium sulfate (gypsum) in the soil tightly holds strontium, so if a soil has appreciable gypsum content, the potential for sequestration is high.


Property used: GYPSUM FROM 0 to 30cm


Limits:

	gypsum	0	no sequestering from gypsum
	gypsum	0-10	some sequestering from gypsum
	gypsum	>10	high degree of sequestering from gypsum
	
	Null gypsum is assigned 0.
	
	
	
2.  Sorption:  This subrule tests the interaction of pH and CEC against the thickness of the organic surface.  These two factors represent the exchange complex of the soil.  The higher of the two fuzzy numbers is sent to the main level rule.


Subrules used:

NSSC Data: Bioaccumulation pH X CEC
NSSC Data: Bioaccumulation Organic Surface


	A.  It is thought that pH and CEC interact in influencing the availability of cesium and strontium in soil solution.  When pH and CEC are both high, then the availability of these ions is decreased.  When pH and CEC are both low, then the availability of these ions is higher.  Also, if one or the other of pH and CEC is lower, then the availability is increased.  In fuzzy systems as well as regression models, interaction of variables is indicated by multiplying them together.


Subrule:  Bioaccumulation pH

Property used:  WTD_AVG PH 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION 

Limits:


	pH 	<5.5	high potential for bioaccumulation   
	pH 	5.5-6.5	moderate potential for bioaccumulation   
	pH 	>6.5	low potential for bioaccumulation.
	
	Null pH is assigned ""Not Rated"".
	
	
Subrule:  Bioaccumulation CEC
	
Property used:  MEQ 0-30cm OR RESTRICTION

Limits:

	milliequivalents of exchange 	=0	no sequestering from exchange  
	milliequivalents of exchange 	>0-10	some sequestering from exchange  
	milliequivalents of exchange 	>10	high degree of sequestering from exchange.
	
	Null CEC is assigned to ""Not Rated"".
	
	
Calculation:

Interaction Term = (Bioaccumulation pH) X (Bioaccumulation CEC)

	B.  The surface organic layer in many soils provides a reservoir for plant available nutrients.  Cesium and strontium act similar to the plant nutrients potassium and calcium and are treated in a similar manner by plants.  It is assumed in this subrule that a thicker layer will retain more strontium and cesium for cyclical reuse by plants.  Any material leaching below the surface is intercepted and incorporated into plant tissue to be returned to the soil when the plant dies.


Property used: THICKNESS OF SURFACE ORGANIC HORIZON

Limits:
	0cm		No bioaccumulation in organic layer
	>0-20cm		Moderate potential of accumulation in organic layer
	>20cm		High potential for accumulation in the organic layer.
	
	Null organic surface is assigned 0.
	
	
	
3.  Surface redistribution:  Concave areas on the landscape tend to accumulate water and material that erodes from adjacent areas.  Strontium and cesium are added to the soil surface as fallout and are thus susceptible to redistribution by erosion, especially when newly deposited on a surface lacking an organic layer.  The general consensus is that very little erosion occurs on soils having an O horizon.  Some soils are more erodible than others, due to their composition, as is related by the K factor.  Slope is a contributor to erosion.

Property used:  EROSION FACTOR SURFACE LAYER, ORGANIC 0.02

Limits:

	=0.02		less likely to erode
	>0.02-<0.64	erosion possible	
	=0.64		highly erodible.
	
Organic layers are assigned a k factor of 0.02.

Property used: SUSCEPTIBILITY TO GAIN

			
Limits:			IF (CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""concave"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""concave"") THEN 3.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""concave"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""convex"") THEN 1.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""concave"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""linear"") THEN 2.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""linear"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""concave"") THEN 2.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""linear"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""linear"") THEN 1.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""linear"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""convex"") THEN 1.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""convex"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""convex"") THEN 0.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""convex"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""linear"") THEN 1.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""convex"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""concave"") THEN 1 ELSE 0.0.
			
			Null slope shape data is assigned 0.
			
			
Property used: SLOPE

Limits:

	Slope 	0	no movement   
	Slope 	>0-100	some movement potential   
	Slope 	>100	high movement potential.
	
	Null slope is assigned ""Not Rated"".
	
Evaluations used:

Erosion Factor, Organic 0.02
Susceptibility to Gain
Slope for Material Loss 0-100
	
	
Calculation:

Bioaccumulation Material Gain Potential = [(Erosion Factor, Organic 0.02/2)+(Susceptibility to Gain/2)]*(Slope for Material Loss 0-100/2)

The fuzzy numbers from these subrules are added to the lower of the sorption or attenuation rules to obtain the rating for the soil."|05/22/2009 10:07:03|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805456"
"OR067"|"DHS - Potential for Radioactive Sequestration"|"limitation"|"DHS - Potential for Radioactive Sequestration


Background:

Strontium-90 and Cesium-137 are radionuclides that can be released into the atmosphere as a result of above-ground nuclear explosions and inadvertent leakage from nuclear facilities, such as powerplants.  The behavior of strontium in the soil system is close to calcium.  Both are divalent metal cations.  Strontium, having a slightly smaller hydrated radius is more tightly held by the exchange complex than calcium.  Cesium acts in a fashion similar to potassium.  Both are monovalent metal cations.  Cesium is held more tightly that potassium, due to a smaller hydrated radius.  The characteristics of the soil upon which the radionuclides fall determines whether or not and to what extent they are available to plants and subsequently to animals.

Cations such as strontium or cesium added to the surface of the soil as fallout can have one of several fates.  

1 - They can be taken up by plants and cycled in the organic matter of the soil.  This is particularly true in acidic forest soils where the pH is below 5.5.  At this level of pH, aluminum solubilizes and can become the dominant cation in many soils, essentially driving basic cations off of the exchange into solution, where either they are absorbed by plant roots or they leach from the soil system. 
2 - They can be tied to the exchange surface and rendered more or less unavailable for plant uptake.  Owing to their small concentrations and generally high affinity for adsorption by the exchange, a soil having a large supply of basic cations and plentiful exchange sites will bind the radionuclides away from absorption by plant roots owing simply to mass action.  
3 - If the soil lacks the exchange capacity or the soil reaction is unfavorable for attenuation, they can be leached below the root zone and eventually into ground water or surface waters.  
4 - If the soil contains carbonates or sulfates, strontium can be tied up in the structures of these compounds.  
5 - Cesium, which is similar in ionic radius and charge to potassium can be absorbed by 2:1 layer silicates.

The sequestration of cesium and strontium is favored by several soil conditions.  High cation exchange capacity in the upper 30cm of soil causes these ions to be absorbed rather than in soil solution.  pH above 5.5 causes the exchange complex to be largely available for basic cations, which allows cesium and strontium to be taken proportionally from soil solution.  A thin organic surface provides less of a reservoir for cesium and strontium.  A preponderance of clay minerals in the soil enhances the extent to which cesium and strontium can be attenuated by the soil.  When first deposited, particulate to which cesium and strontium are adsorbed can be moved around on the landscape by water and wind, so convex land surfaces are less susceptible to accumulation.  If calcium carbonate or gypsum are present, strontium can be tightly held in these minerals and not available for uptake. 


Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member, or complete members of the set of soils that are suspected of having a high  Potential for Radioactive Sequestration of radionuclides in soil constituents, either oragnic or mineral.  If a soil's properties within 30 cm (~12 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater than zero, then that soil property contributes to the sequestration of radioactive material.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Potential for Radioactive Sequestration"" interpretive rule.  Minor contributing soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These contributing features could be important factors where the major contributing features are overcome through management, when possible.  Studies from Europe indicate a fairly low mobility in soils, so only the upper 30cm of the profile is considered (Hrachowitz et al, 2005).

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are very low sequestration potential  (rating index = 0), some sequestration potential (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or high sequestration potential (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Potential for Radioactive Sequestration is a method of arraying soils based on their potential ability to sequester radionuclides.  This information can be displayed spatially to show the extent and location of areas where sequerstration may occur in the event of a leakage of radioactive material.

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.



References:

Bohn, Hinrich, Brian McNeal, and George O'Connor.1979.Soil Chemistry.John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Hrachowitz, Markus, Fran-Josef Maringer, Christian Steineder, and Martin H. Gerzabek.2005. Soil redistribution model for undisturbed and cultivated sites based on Chernobyl-derived cesium-137 fallout. Journal of Environmental Quality. 34:1302-1310.



Criteria used:

1.  Carbonate sequestration:  Calcium carbonate in the soil tightly holds strontium, so if a soil has appreciable carbonates, the potential for sequestration is high.


Property used: CALCIUM CARBONATE FROM 0 to 30cm


Limits:

	CCE	0	no sequestering from CaCO3
	CCE	0-10	some sequestering from CaCO3
	CCE	>10	high degree of sequestering from CaCO3
	
	Null CaCO3 is assigned 0.
	
	
	
2.  The type and amount of clay in the upper 30cm of the soil can affect the sequestration or holding of cesium and strontium.  The pH of the soil affects the suite of cations available in soil solution.  At higher pH, the exchange is dominated by basic cations, which plants take up and use.  In lower pH systems, the exchange is dominated by hydrogen and aluminum, which plants do not absorb.  Thus, the beneficial, in terms of sequestration, effects of the clay content are negated as pH is decreased.  This subrule models the change in sequestration from a higher pH system to a lower pH.

Subrules used:

Sequestration Clay Content, Raw
Bioaccumulation pH

The fuzzy numbers from these subrules are used in the calculation.

Calculation:  Sequestration Clay Content = (Sequestration Clay Content, Raw)-(Bioaccumulation pH)


	A.  The clay content of the upper 30cm of the soil determines in part how available to plants various ions added by eolean additions may be.  In a soil having a large amount of clay, the ability of the soil to tie up ions in the lattice, especially cesium in 2:1 clays, can decrease the plant availability of the added cations from fallout. 


Property used:  WTD_AVG CLAY CONTENT 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Limits:


	clay content	0 percent	low potential for sequestration
	clay content	>0-18 percent	moderate potential for sequestration
	clay content	>18 percent	high potential for sequestration.
	
	Null clay content is assigned ""Not Rated"".
	
	
	B.  The pH of the upper 30cm of the soil determines in part the concentrations of various ions in soil solution.  In soils having a high pH, the ions added by eolean additions will comprise a smaller portion of the cations available for plant uptake.  It is assumed that in soils having a higher pH, the base saturation will be higher and so the cesium and strontium will represent a smaller proportion of the available cations in soil solution.  It is also assumed plants will not preferentially adsorb the radioactive constituents.  If the pH is low, the cations from fallout will be taken  up by plants and cycled.    

Property used:  WTD_AVG PH 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION 

Limits:


	pH 	<5.0	low potential for sequestration   
	pH 	5.0-7.0	moderate potential for sequestration   
	pH 	>7.0	high potential for sequestration.
	
	Null pH is assigned ""Not Rated"".
	
	
3.  Calcium sulfate in the soil tightly holds strontium, so if a soil has appreciable gypsum, the potential for sequestration is high.


Property used: GYPSUM FROM 0 to 30cm


Limits:

	gypsum content	0 percent	no sequestering from gypsum 
	gypsum content	0-10 percent	some sequestering from gypsum
	gypsum content	>10 percent	high degree of sequestering from gypsum
	
	Null gypsum content is assigned 0.
	
	
	
4.  Organic surface sequestration:  In a forested environment, particularly on acid, sandy soils, the surface organic horizon comprises the reservoir of available plant nutrients.  Nutrients are cycled, stored, and recycled through the organic mat.  As the subsurface soil becomes more fertile (contains more nutrients) the impact of the organic surface horizon is lessened and the added strontium and cesium can be effectively sequestered.  Soils having both high CEC and high pH are assumed to be fertile and more prone to sequester while soils that have low CEC and low pH are prone to have Sr and Cs more bioavailable.

Properties used:

MEQ 0-30cm OR RESTRICTION

Limits:

	milliequivalents of exchange 	0	no sequestering from exchange  
	milliequivalents of exchange 	0-10	some sequestering from exchange  
	milliequivalents of exchange 	>10	high degree of sequestering from exchange.
	
	Null CEC is assignrd ""Not Rated"".



WTD_AVG PH 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Limits:

	pH 	<5.5	no sequestering   
	pH 	5.5-6.5	some sequestering   
	pH 	>6.5	high degree of sequestering.
	
	Null pH is assigned ""Not Rated"".



THICKNESS OF SURFACE ORGANIC HORIZON

Limits:
	0 cm		No bioaccumulation in organic layer
	>0-20 cm	moderate potential of accumulation in organic layer
	>20 cm		high potential for accumulation in the organic layer.
	
	Null organic horizon thickness is assigned 0.
	
	
Evaluations used:

MEQ 0-10 in depth 0-30cm
pH 5.5-6.5 in depth 0-30cm
Organic Horizon Thickness.

The fuzzy numbers from these evaluations are used in the calculation.

Calculation:

Sequestration Organic Surface =[(MEQ 0-10 in depth 0-30cm/2)+(pH 5.5-6.5 in depth 0-30cm/2)] - Organic Horizon Thickness



5.  Convex areas on the landscape tend to spread or lose water and material and send it to adjacent areas.  Strontium and cesium are added to the soil surface as fallout and are thus susceptible to redistribution by erosion, especially when newly deposited on a surface lacking an organic layer.  The general consensus is that very little erosion occurs on soils having an O horizon.  Some soils are more erodible than others, due to their composition, as is related by the K factor.  Slope is a contributor to erosion.

Property used:  EROSION FACTOR SURFACE LAYER, ORGANIC 0.02

Limits:

	=0.02		less likely to erode
	>0.02-<0.64	erosion possible	
	=0.64		highly erodible.
	
Organic layers are assigned a k factor of 0.02.

Property used: SUSCEPTIBILITY TO LOSS

			
Limits:			IF (CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""concave"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""concave"") THEN 0.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""concave"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""convex"") THEN 2.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""concave"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""linear"") THEN 1.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""linear"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""concave"") THEN 1.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""linear"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""linear"") THEN 2.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""linear"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""convex"") THEN 2.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""convex"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""convex"") THEN 3.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""convex"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""linear"") THEN 2.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""convex"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""concave"") THEN 2.0 ELSE 0.0.
			
			Null slope shape data is assigned 0.
			
			
Property used: SLOPE

Limits:

	Slope 	0	no movement   
	Slope 	>0-100	some movement potential   
	Slope 	>100	high movement potential.
	
	Null slope is assigned ""No Rated"".
	
Evaluations used:

Erosion Factor, Organic 0.02
Susceptibility to Loss
Slope for Material Loss 0-100

	
Calculation:

Sequestration Material Loss Potential = [(Erosion Factor, Organic 0.02/2)+(Susceptibility to Loss/2)]*(Slope for Material Gain 0-100/2)

The fuzzy number from this subrule is subtracted from the highest of the previous four subrules to obtain the final rating."|12/04/2009 14:21:38|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805470"
"OR067"|"DHS - Rubble and Debris Disposal, Large-Scale Event"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use for ""Rubble and Debris Disposal, Large-scale Event"".  If a soil's property within 200 cm (about 80 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Rubble and Debris Disposal, Large-scale Event"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Rubble and Debris Disposal, Large-scale Event is a method of disposing of material that has been rendered unsafe and unusable by the effects of a large-scale disaster, either natural or man-made, affecting tens of counties or parishes.  Many homes and business structures will be ruined, either by smashing or contamination.  

The assumptions are as follows.  This method is to be used to permanently dispose of material that would be hazardous to public health if left exposed in the aftermath of a major flood, fire, earthquake, wind storm, or other severe weather.  Disposal of material involved in a radiological disaster is outside of the scope of this interpretation.  Large animal disposal is addressed in another interpretation.  Time is of the essence in the disposal to avoid air quality and groundwater degradation and disease or the exacerbation of respiratory conditions, particularly with material involved in flooding.  The amount of geotechnical background work at the disposal site may not be as extensive as at a normal landfill, thus the soil criteria are stringent.  A site, such as a large parking lot, is available to field-separate the materials into several classes.  The material to be buried is expected to consist largely of lumber, broken drywall, upholstered furniture, household chemicals, electronic devices, insulation, roofing materials, pressure-treated lumber, mobile homes, and anything else not considered environmentally safe to incinerate or feasible to recycle.  This material is expected to be contaminated with mold, rodent droppings, and sediment.  Some materials retrieved from the structures, such as appliances, are expected to be recycled.  Combustible material, such as fallen trees, limbs, and lumber may be burned near the disaster area, if doing so is safe.  The ash will be disposed of at a licensed landfill.  Inert materials, such as bricks and concrete blocks, are expected to be used as fill in the local area.  Limiting the distance to the disposal site from where the material originates is considered desirable.  Access roads will need to be constructed to get to the site.  When the trench is full, a final cover of soil material at least 2 feet thick is placed over the landfill and the area revegetated.

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or floodwater.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Ratings are based on properties and qualities to the depth normally observed during soil mapping (approximately 6 feet).  However, because excavations may be as deep as 15 feet or more, geologic investigations are needed to determine the potential for pollution of ground water as well as to determine the design needed.  These investigations include the examination of stratification, rock formations, and geologic conditions that might lead to the conducting of leachates to aquifers, wells, watercourses, and other water sources.  The presence of hard, nonrippable bedrock, bedrock crevices, or highly permeable strata in or immediately underlying the proposed pit bottom is undesirable because of the difficulty in excavation and the potential pollution of underground water.

Properties that influence the risk of pollution, ease of excavation, trafficability, and revegetation are major considerations.  Soils that flood or have a water table within the depth of excavation present a potential pollution hazard and are difficult to excavate.  Slope is an important consideration because it affects the work involved in road construction, the performance of the roads, and the control of surface water around the landfill.  It may also cause difficulty in constructing trenches for which the trench bottom must be kept level and oriented to follow the contour.

The ease with which the trench is dug and with which a soil can be used as daily and final covers is based largely on texture and consistence of the soil.  The texture and consistence of a soil determine the degree of workability of the soil both when dry and when wet.  Soils that are plastic and sticky when wet are difficult to excavate, grade, or compact and difficult to place as a uniformly thick cover over a layer of refuse.  The uppermost part of the final cover should be soil material that is favorable for the growth of plants.  It should not contain excess sodium or salt and should not be too acid.  In comparison with other horizons, the A horizon in most soils has the best workability and the highest content of organic matter.  Thus, for a Rubble and Debris Disposal, Large-scale Event site it may be desirable to stockpile the surface layer for use in the final blanketing of the fill.




Criteria used:

1.  Adsorption:  Soils having a low cec or ecec may not attenuate biohazardous material from the decay process.  It is assumed that the upper 25 cm of the site will be stockpiled for use in revegetating the site.  It is also assumed that alternating layers of soil and biological materials will be placed in the excavation.

Soils having low CEC or ECEC are not able to retain some leachates.  A soil is a full member of the set of soils having low adsorption if the CEC or ECEC to clay ratio is below 0.05, a partial member between 0.05 and 0.15, and a nonmember if the cec or ecec to clay ratio is over 0.150.
	
	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY IN DEPTH 30-200cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		Below 0.05 meq/100g
		Somewhat limiting	0.05-0.15 meq/100g
		Not limiting		> 0.15 meq/100g
		
	The fuzzy number is weighted by 0.25, meaning this rule cannot cause the component to be absolutely true that the site is limited for the intended land use.

			
Null clay activity is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class.

2.  Porous bedrock: Limestone bedrock (and other types) may have numerous solution channels that allow contaminants to enter the groundwater quickly and with no renovation.  The porous nature of the bedrock is often reflected by ""karst"" phases of map units.  Deeper soils will tend to lessen the risk of contamination.

		  Evaluation used: BEDROCK IS LIMESTONE

		  
		  Property used: LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO
		  
		  Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
		  
		  
3.  Depth to thick/thin cemented pan: Depth to thick or thin cemented pan may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when potentially hazardous materials are buried in the soil.   Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. If pan thickness is < 46cm then the rating is reduced by half.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
4.  Too clayey:  This rule evaluates textures from the thickest layers between 30 and 200 cm.  Textures of cl, sicl, sc, sic, and c are rated as too clayey.  If clay minerology is kaolinitic or the soil is in an aridic moisture regime the clay content is not a restrictive feature.  Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to spread and compact.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes and is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic. Soil feature considered is the weighted average of clay content between 30 and 200cm or above a restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>45 percent
		Somewhat limiting	27-45 percent
		Not limiting		<27 percent
			
	Null clay contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
 
	AND

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by multiplying by 0.5.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated.
	
	
	
5.  Unstable Excavation Walls:  Under certain circumstances, the sides of an excavation may collapse.  This can be hazardous to anyone in the trench or near the edge at the time of failure.  The sloughed material may need to be removed from the trench, increasing the time needed to excavate.  The sides of the trench may need to be made to reflect the angle of repose of the material or be shored.
	
	
		A. Instability of the excavation walls can be caused by the coarseness of the soil material.
		
		Property used: FRAGMENT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
		Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 80 percent by volume
		     Somewhat limiting	60-80 percent by volume
		     Not limiting	Less than 60 percent by volume
		     
		 Property used: SAND PERCENT LESS CLAY IN DEPTH 30-180CM
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 185
		     Somewhat limiting	170-185
		     Not limiting	Less than 170
		     
		  (The clay content is subtracted from the sand content.  100 is added to the difference to keep the numbers positive.  This number is a sort of effective sand content, adjusting for the adhesiveness of clay.)
		     
		     
		 B.  High shrink-swell can cause instability of excavation walls.
		 
		 Property used: LEP 25-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		LEP above 9
		     Somwewhat limiting	LEP 6 to 9
		     Not limiting	LEP less than 6
		     
		     
		  C. Silty material that is not loess can be unstable.
		  
		  Property used: PARENT MATERIAL KIND IS LOESS
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		High silt and not loess
		     Not limiting	High silt and is loess
		     
		  Property used: SILT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Somewhat limiting	Greater than 75 percent silt
		     Not limiting	Less than 75 percent silt
		     
		  Silt content is not considered to ever be a severe limitation.
		  
		  
		  
6.  Too Sandy: Sandy soils may slump and are droughty, making establishment of vegetative cover difficult.  Soil feature considered is the sand content, minus clay, of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 200cm or above a cemented restrictive layer.  This rule evaluates the weighted average of sand minus clay between 30 and 180 cm.  Textures of LCOS, LS, LFS, LVFS, COS, S, FS, VFS, and SG are rated as too sandy.
		
	Property used: SAND PERCENT LESS CLAY IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= >70
		Not limiting		All others
			
	Null sand contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
7.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
8.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 200cm
		Somewhat limiting	200-220cm
		Not limiting		=> 220cm
		
		
		Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE PERCHED MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 160cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 160 to =< 200cm
		Not limiting		 > 200cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
9.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 30 and 200cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 30-200cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
10.  Large stones on the surface: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 >  5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
11.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 180 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm Wt. Ave. 0-180cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25% to < 50%
		Not limiting		=< 25%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
	
	
	
12.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
13.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond have restrictions that limit the installation and function of most land use applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Limiting	    = ""none""
		Limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
14.  Rock Outcrop:  Areas that have rock outcrop in the vicinity are not likely to have a sufficiently large area of soil for the facility.  Rock outcrops can interfere with renovation of the leachate from the facility.
        
        Property used: PA ROCK OUTCROP 2(Modality - representative value)
        
        Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" occurs in the map unit name.
		Not limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" does not occur in the map unit name.
		
		
Any soil with a portion or full map unit name of Rock Outcrop is returned as a value of 1 and is given the rating of Rock Outcrop and is considered a limitation.

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""rocky"" is returned as a value of .3 and is given the rating of ""Slight Rock Outcrop"".

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""very rocky"" is returned as a value of .7 and is given the rating of ""Severe Rock Outcrop"".

All map units have a name, no null data should be encountered.



15.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest salinity (electrical conductivity) for all horizons.
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		<= 16 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
16.  Seepage:  The soil's bottom layer Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids through the soil and underlying materials is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the Ksat of the bottom layer or the layer immediately above bedrock.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  
	
	Property used: KSAT BOTTOM HORIZON (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 => 14.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		  < 14.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
6/15/04 PRF modified the hedge from ""NULL NOT RATED"" to ""NOT NULL AND"".  The Null values were throwing out a ""Not Rated"" that affected the final rating.



17.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. These soils may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when trench landfills are installed. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 200cm
		Not limiting		=> 200cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
18.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	
	
19.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Not limiting		<= 13 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
20.  Water Gathering Surface: Some surfaces are shaped so as to gather water.  This additional water may cause problems for land use.  Soils that are concave up and down their slope and concave across their slope are most strongly water gathering.  Soils that are concave across their slope and linear or convex up and down their slopes are less water collecting.  Soils that are linear across their slopes and concave up and down their slopes are somewhat water collecting.  Soils that are convex up and down their slopes and convex across their slopes are the least water gathering.

Water gathering (concave) surfaces can concentrate water flow and cause accelerated erosion.  Increased costs because of materials and land shaping may be needed to prevent erosion.
		  
		  Property Used: WATER GATHERING SURFACE
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		    Somewhat Limiting		Concave up-down, concave across surfaces
		    Slightly limiting		Concave across, linear or convex up-down
		    Not limiting		All other surface shapes
		    
		  NOTE!!!  The fuzzy number returned by this rule can not exceed 0.5.
		  
Null slope shape is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class.



21.  Too acid: Soils with low pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the minimum (pH) of the soil layers.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER (Minimum) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class."|01/12/2010 15:02:29|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805441"
"OR067"|"DHS - Site for Composting Facility - Subsurface"|"limitation"|"Site for Composting Facility - Subsurface

Background

Composting: The Process of Biological Degradation

Biological degradation of organic materials forms the basis for composting.  This biological process depends on the active metabolism of microorganisms in a suitable micro-environment. The six critical factors for the transformation of organic materials into compost are microorganisms, heat, air, water, carbon, and nitrogen.

The microorganisms that carry out biological degradation for composting often are found in the soil or on the surface of leaves.  These microorganisms thrive in a surface or subsurface microclimate with free circulation of air, free flow of water, and a temperature well above freezing. The microorganisms also require carbon as food for energy and growth, as well as nitrogen for protein and rebuilding cells.

Composting facilities are designed to provide these six critical factors in relative proportions so that the process of biological degradation is sustained.  Deficits in any of the critical factors, or imbalances among them, may result in extremely slow composting or a dormant composting system. Mixing of materials also redistributes heat, air, and water and will speed the process of biological degradation. Large facilities may provide mechanical mixing of the compost materials. Smaller facilities may rely on manual turning of the materials or may add some materials that are too large to compost in order to create channels for air flow through the pile. 

Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) and Mean Annual Air Temperature (MAAT) are measures of the soil micro-climate that affects the rate of composting.  Both MAP and MAAT are available from the soil survey database.  Composting is most rapid in warm, moist areas that generally have MAP between 450 and 1250 mm together with MAAT between 5 and 10 degrees Celsius.  The optimal temperature inside the compost pile is 10 to 15.5 degrees Celsius. In colder areas the rate of composting may be increased by insulating the compost pile on all sides with an extra layer of high carbon materials such as hay or newspaper. To avoid extreme cold or rainforest conditions, the composting may be done inside a protected area or a building.  The optimal moisture for composting is field capacity, or freely drained but moist. Moisture may need to be added to the compost pile especially if the organic materials are dry such as chipped lumber. 

The ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the organic materials is perhaps the hardest part of the process to regulate.  Active compost piles need a carbon to nitrogen ratio of about 30:1 (30 units of carbon to 1 unit of nitrogen). Many common materials such as leaves and lumber are high in carbon and require balanced inputs of materials that are high in nitrogen such as coffee grounds or manures and urines.  Often the materials high in nitrogen are less available or more difficult to transport to the composting site. Materials intended for composting may vary in their carbon to nitrogen ratio due to many factors and testing of materials is recommended before large scale operations begin. A few C:N examples are given in table 1.



Table 1.  Examples of composting materials from a summary of 
Publications (with estimated ratios of carbon to nitrogen)

High Nitrogen Materials
Fish, slaughter, or poultry waste (C:N = 4:1)
Urine - undiluted (8:1)
Manure or sewage sludge  fresh (13:1)
Grass clippings  fresh (15:1)
Coffee grounds (20:1)
Vegetable and fruit waste (25:1)

High Carbon Materials
Leaves	 (60:1)
Straw (85:1)
Wood chips (125:1)
Sawdust (500:1)
Hardwood lumber (500:1)
Newspaper (600:1)



Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as a subsurface ""Site for Composting Facility"".  If a soil's property within 200 cm (about 79 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Site for Composting Facility - Subsurface"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Site for subsurface composting facility is the site location for placement of a subsurface composting facility without the use of a liner or placement on concrete pad. The composting facility is to process raw manure or other raw organic by-products into biologically stable organic material as outlined in the NRCS conservation practice standard ""Composting Facility"" (code 317). 

Scope: National

The bottom elevation of the composting facility shall be above the seasonal high water table and on soils with an acceptable permeability that does not allow materials to contaminate the ground water. Compost facilities should be located outside of floodplains.  However, if site restrictions require location within a floodplain, they shall be protected from inundation or damage from a 25-year flood event, or larger. Locate compost facilities so prevailing winds and landscape elements such as building arrangement, landforms and vegetation minimize odors and protect the visual resource. 

Suitability of a soil for use as a site for composting should be on soils with an acceptable permeability that does not allow materials to contaminate the ground water. On sloping soils, cut perpendicular to the contour to obtain level surface for composting facility. Direct any contaminated runoff from compost facilities to an appropriate storage or treatment facility for further management.

Soil interpretations for locating a site for composting are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.





Criteria used:

1.  Adsorption:  Soils having a low cec or ecec may not attenuate biohazardous material from the decay process.  It is assumed that the upper 25 cm of the site will be stockpiled for use in revegetating the site.  It is also assumed that alternating layers of soil and biological materials will be placed in the excavation.

Soils having low CEC or ECEC are not able to retain some leachates.  A soil is a full member of the set of soils having low adsorption if the CEC or ECEC to clay ratio is below 0.05, a partial member between 0.05 and 0.15, and a nonmember if the cec or ecec to clay ratio is over 0.150.
	
	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY IN DEPTH 30-200cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		Below 0.05 meq/100g
		Somewhat limiting	0.05-0.15 meq/100g
		Not limiting		> 0.15 meq/100g
		
	The fuzzy number is weighted by 0.25, meaning this rule cannot cause the component to be absolutely true that the site is limited for the intended land use.

			
Null clay activity is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class.

	
2.  Porous bedrock: Limestone bedrock (and other types) may have numerous solution channels that allow contaminants to enter the groundwater quickly and with no renovation.  The porous nature of the bedrock is often reflected by ""karst"" phases of map units.  Deeper soils will tend to lessen the risk of contamination.

		  Evaluation used: BEDROCK IS LIMESTONE

		  
		  Property used: LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO
		  
		  Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  


3.  Depth to thick/thin cemented pan: Depth to thick or thin cemented pan may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when potentially hazardous materials are buried in the soil.   Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. If pan thickness is < 46cm then the rating is reduced by half.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
		  
		  
4.  Unstable Excavation Walls:  Under certain circumstances, the sides of an excavation may collapse.  This can be hazardous to anyone in the trench or near the edge at the time of failure.  The sloughed material may need to be removed from the trench, increasing the time needed to excavate.  The sides of the trench may need to be made to reflect the angle of repose of the material or be shored.
	
	
		A. Instability of the excavation walls can be caused by the coarseness of the soil material.
		
		Property used: FRAGMENT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
		Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 80 percent by volume
		     Somewhat limiting	60-80 percent by volume
		     Not limiting	Less than 60 percent by volume
		     
		 Property used: SAND PERCENT LESS CLAY IN DEPTH 30-180CM
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 185
		     Somewhat limiting	170-185
		     Not limiting	Less than 170
		     
		  (The clay content is subtracted from the sand content.  100 is added to the difference to keep the numbers positive.  This number is a sort of effective sand content, adjusting for the adhesiveness of clay.)
		     
		     
		 B.  High shrink-swell can cause instability of excavation walls.
		 
		 Property used: LEP 25-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		LEP above 9
		     Somwewhat limiting	LEP 6 to 9
		     Not limiting	LEP less than 6
		     
		     
		  C. Silty material that is not loess can be unstable.
		  
		  Property used: PARENT MATERIAL KIND IS LOESS
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		High silt and not loess
		     Not limiting	High silt and is loess
		     
		  Property used: SILT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Somewhat limiting	Greater than 75 percent silt
		     Not limiting	Less than 75 percent silt
		     
		  Silt content is not considered to ever be a severe limitation.
		  
		  


5.  Depth to saturated zone: Shallow depth to water table limits the site for use as a composting facility.  Soils that are shallow to water are also difficult to reclaim and revegetate, and contamination from leaching may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100 cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 200 cm
		Not limiting		 > 200 cm
		
	Null depth to saturation is assigned to the Not limiting class.	



6.  Flooding:  If the number of months a soil component has frequent or occasional flooding falls within the following parameters then the rule returns a value greater than 0 and flooding is a limiting feature:

Flooding Frequency	Months
------------------	------
Frequent		>0
Occasional		>2
	



7.  Surface rock fragments:  Soils that have large fragments on the surface have reduced trafficability.  The large rock fragments on the surface must be removed.  Rock fragment coverage criteria are as follows.


	Property evaluated: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE  (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 > 15 percent
		Somewhat suited 	=> 3 to 15 percent
		Well suited		 < 3 percent
		
	Null surface fragment coverage is assigned to the Well suited class.

		  

8.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 30 and 200cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 30-200cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.

		  
9.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	


10.  Ponding:  If the number of months a soil component has frequent or occasional ponding falls within the following parameters then the rule returns a value greater than 0 and ponding is a limiting feature:

Ponding Frequency	Months
-----------------	------
Frequent		>0
Occasional		>2


11.  Precipitation:  Mean annual precipitation: Localities that have low rainfall are limited for use as composting facilities.  In places that have low rainfall, moisture will need to be added to maintain biological activity in the composting mass.  The site feature considered is mean annual precipitation.

	Property used: PRECIPITATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 400 mm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 400-1200 mm
		Not limiting		 > 1200 mm
		
	Null precipitation is assigned to the ""Not rated"" class.
	
	
	
12.  Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation. Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 200 cm deep.

            Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm Wt. Ave. 0-200cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting                	=> 50%
                    Somewhat limiting        	> 25% to < 50%
                    Not limiting            	=< 25%

            Null fragment data are assigned Not rated. 	
	


	
13.  Rock Outcrop:  Areas that have rock outcrop in the vicinity are not likely to have a sufficiently large area of soil for the facility.  Rock outcrops can interfere with renovation of the leachate from the facility.
        
        Property used: PA ROCK OUTCROP 2(Modality - representative value)
        
        Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" occurs in the map unit name.
		Not limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" does not occur in the map unit name.
		
		
Any soil with a portion or full map unit name of Rock Outcrop is returned as a value of 1 and is given the rating of Rock Outcrop and is considered a limitation.

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""rocky"" is returned as a value of .3 and is given the rating of ""Slight Rock Outcrop"".

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""very rocky"" is returned as a value of .7 and is given the rating of ""Severe Rock Outcrop"".

All map units have a name, no null data should be encountered.



14.  Seepage:  The soil's bottom layer Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids through the soil and underlying materials is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the Ksat of the bottom layer or the layer immediately above bedrock.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  
	
	Property used: KSAT BOTTOM HORIZON (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 => 14.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		  < 14.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
6/15/04 PRF modified the hedge from ""NULL NOT RATED"" to ""NOT NULL AND"".  The Null values were throwing out a ""Not Rated"" that affected the final rating.



15.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. These soils may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when trench landfills are installed. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 200cm
		Not limiting		=> 200cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
16.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	
	
	
17.  Mean annual air temperature: Localities that have very low or very high mean annual air temperature are limited for use as composting facilities.  In places that have low mean annual air temperature, the onset of decomposition may be delayed by low biological activity in the composting mass.  The additional expense of covering or insulating the composting mass may be incurred.  In very warm areas, adding extra water and more frequent turning of the mass adds to the cost of composting.  The site feature considered is mean annual air temperature.

	Property used: MEAN ANNUAL AIR TEMPERATURE (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 <= 8 and >30 degrees C 
		Somewhat limiting	 8 to <=10 and 22 to <=30 degrees C
		Not limiting		 >10 to <=22 degrees C
		
	Null mean annual air temperature is assigned to the ""Not rated"" class.	
	
	
18.  Water Gathering Surface: Some surfaces are shaped so as to gather water.  This additional water may cause problems for land use.  Soils that are concave up and down their slope and concave across their slope are most strongly water gathering.  Soils that are concave across their slope and linear or convex up and down their slopes are less water collecting.  Soils that are linear across their slopes and concave up and down their slopes are somewhat water collecting.  Soils that are convex up and down their slopes and convex across their slopes are the least water gathering.

Water gathering (concave) surfaces can concentrate water flow and cause accelerated erosion.  Increased costs because of materials and land shaping may be needed to prevent erosion.
		  
		  Property Used: WATER GATHERING SURFACE
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		    Somewhat Limiting		Concave up-down, concave across surfaces
		    Slightly limiting		Concave across, linear or convex up-down
		    Not limiting		All other surface shapes
		    
		  NOTE!!!  The fuzzy number returned by this rule can not exceed 0.5.
		  
Null slope shape is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class."|01/12/2010 15:02:29|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805487"
"OR067"|"DHS - Site for Composting Facility - Surface"|"limitation"|"Site for Composting Facility - Surface

Background

Composting: The Process of Biological Degradation

Biological degradation of organic materials forms the basis for composting.  This biological process depends on the active metabolism of microorganisms in a suitable micro-environment. The six critical factors for the transformation of organic materials into compost are microorganisms, heat, air, water, carbon, and nitrogen.

The microorganisms that carry out biological degradation for composting often are found in the soil or on the surface of leaves.  These microorganisms thrive in a surface or subsurface microclimate with free circulation of air, free flow of water, and a temperature well above freezing. The microorganisms also require carbon as food for energy and growth, as well as nitrogen for protein and rebuilding cells.

Composting facilities are designed to provide these six critical factors in relative proportions so that the process of biological degradation is sustained.  Deficits in any of the critical factors, or imbalances among them, may result in extremely slow composting or a dormant composting system. Mixing of materials also redistributes heat, air, and water and will speed the process of biological degradation. Large facilities may provide mechanical mixing of the compost materials. Smaller facilities may rely on manual turning of the materials or may add some materials that are too large to compost in order to create channels for air flow through the pile. 

Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) and Mean Annual Air Temperature (MAAT) are measures of the soil micro-climate that affects the rate of composting.  Both MAP and MAAT are available from the soil survey database.  Composting is most rapid in warm, moist areas that generally have MAP between 450 and 1250 mm together with MAAT between 5 and 10 degrees Celsius.  The optimal temperature inside the compost pile is 10 to 15.5 degrees Celsius. In colder areas the rate of composting may be increased by insulating the compost pile on all sides with an extra layer of high carbon materials such as hay or newspaper. To avoid extreme cold or rainforest conditions, the composting may be done inside a protected area or a building.  The optimal moisture for composting is field capacity, or freely drained but moist. Moisture may need to be added to the compost pile especially if the organic materials are dry such as chipped lumber. 

The ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the organic materials is perhaps the hardest part of the process to regulate.  Active compost piles need a carbon to nitrogen ratio of about 30:1 (30 units of carbon to 1 unit of nitrogen). Many common materials such as leaves and lumber are high in carbon and require balanced inputs of materials that are high in nitrogen such as coffee grounds or manures and urines.  Often the materials high in nitrogen are less available or more difficult to transport to the composting site. Materials intended for composting may vary in their carbon to nitrogen ratio due to many factors and testing of materials is recommended before large scale operations begin. A few C:N examples are given in table 1.



Table 1.  Examples of composting materials from a summary of 
Publications (with estimated ratios of carbon to nitrogen)

High Nitrogen Materials
Fish, slaughter, or poultry waste (C:N = 4:1)
Urine - undiluted (8:1)
Manure or sewage sludge  fresh (13:1)
Grass clippings  fresh (15:1)
Coffee grounds (20:1)
Vegetable and fruit waste (25:1)

High Carbon Materials
Leaves	 (60:1)
Straw (85:1)
Wood chips (125:1)
Sawdust (500:1)
Hardwood lumber (500:1)
Newspaper (600:1)


Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as a ""Site for Composting Facility"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Site for Composting Facility"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Site for composting facility is the site location for placement of a composting facility without the use of a liner or placement on concrete pad. The composting facility is to process raw manure or other raw organic by-products into biologically stable organic material as outlined in the NRCS conservation practice standard ""Composting Facility"" (code 317). 

Scope: National

The bottom elevation of the composting facility shall be above the seasonal high water table and on soils with an acceptable permeability that does not allow materials to contaminate the ground water. Compost facilities should be located outside of floodplains.  However, if site restrictions require location within a floodplain, they shall be protected from inundation or damage from a 25-year flood event, or larger. Locate compost facilities so prevailing winds and landscape elements such as building arrangement, landforms and vegetation minimize odors and protect the visual resource. Direct any contaminated runoff from compost facilities to an appropriate storage or treatment facility for further management.

Suitability of a soil for use as a site for composting should be on soils with an acceptable permeability that does not allow materials to contaminate the ground water. Slope affects the ease of accessing and manipulating the compost material.  It also will affect runoff from the site. If slope is limiting, then consult the ""Site for Composting Facility  Subsurface"" interpretation.


Soil interpretations for locating a site for composting are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.


Criteria used:


1.  Depth to saturated zone: Shallow depth to water table limits the site for use as a composting facility.  Soils that are shallow to water are also difficult to reclaim and revegetate, and contamination from leaching may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100 cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 200 cm
		Not limiting		 > 200 cm
		
	Null depth to saturation is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
2.  Flooding:  If the number of months a soil component has frequent or occasional flooding falls within the following parameters then the rule returns a value greater than 0 and flooding is a limiting feature:

Flooding Frequency	Months
------------------	------
Frequent		>0
Occasional		>2


3.  Fragments in soil:  Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.



	Property evaluated: WTD_AVG FRAGS > 250mm 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 > 15 percent
		Somewhat suited 	=> 5 to 15 percent
		Well suited		 < 5 percent
		
	Null surface fragment coverage is assigned to the ""not rated"" class.	



4.  Surface fragments:  Soils that have large fragments on the surface have reduced trafficability.  The large rock fragments on the surface must be removed.  Rock fragment coverage criteria are as follows.


	Property evaluated: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE  (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 > 15 percent
		Somewhat suited 	=> 3 to 15 percent
		Well suited		 < 3 percent
		
	Null surface fragment coverage is assigned to the Well suited class.



5.  Seepage:  The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become an environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat within a depth of 200cm.

            Property used: KSAT HIGHEST MINIMUM, 0-200CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Limiting                 	> 42.0 micrometers/sec
                    Somewhat Limiting       	 > 14.1 and <= 42.0 micrometers/sec
                    Not limiting           	 =< 14.1 micrometers/sec

            Null Ksat values are assigned to the ""Not rated"" class.


6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
7.  Ponding:  If the number of months a soil component has frequent or occasional ponding falls within the following parameters then the rule returns a value greater than 0 and ponding is a limiting feature:

Ponding Frequency	Months
-----------------	------
Frequent		>0
Occasional		>2



8.  Mean annual precipitation: Localities that have low rainfall are limited for use as composting facilities.  In places that have low rainfall, moisture will need to be added to maintain biological activity in the composting mass.  The site feature considered is mean annual precipitation.

	Property used: PRECIPITATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 400 mm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 400-1200 mm
		Not limiting		 > 1200 mm
		
	Null precipitation is assigned to the ""Not rated"" class.
	
	
	
9.  Slope:  The slope of the soil surface influences its trafficability for equipment and also can cause erosion hazard if steep.

	Property evaluated: SLOPE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		> 8 percent  
		Somewhat suited 	<= 8 to 3 percent
		Well suited		< 3 percent
		
	Null slopes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
10.  Low strength: Soils with high AASHTO Group Index have low strength which affects the soil's traffic-supporting capacity.  This condition is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic.  Soil feature considered is the AASHTO Group Index of the
thickest soil layer between 25 and 100cm or above a cemented restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.

        Property used: AASHTO GROUP INDEX NUMBER THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 10-40 in. (Modality - high, low, representative value)

        Restriction limits:
                Limiting                	=> 8
                Somewhat limiting        	> 5 to < 8
                Not limiting           	 	=< 5

        Null AASHTO Group Index values are assigned to the ""Not rated"".
        
        
        
11.  Mean annual air temperature: Localities that have very low or very high mean annual air temperature are limited for use as composting facilities.  In places that have low mean annual air temperature, the onset of decomposition may be delayed by low biological activity in the composting mass.  The additional expense of covering or insulating the composting mass may be incurred.  In very warm areas, adding extra water and more frequent turning of the mass adds to the cost of composting.  The site feature considered is mean annual air temperature.

	Property used: MEAN ANNUAL AIR TEMPERATURE (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 <= 8 and >30 degrees C 
		Somewhat limiting	 8 to <=10 and 22 to <=30 degrees C
		Not limiting		 >10 to <=22 degrees C
		
	Null mean annual air temperature is assigned to the ""Not rated"" class."|07/07/2009 09:33:17|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805426"
"OR067"|"DHS - Suitability for Clay Liner Material"|"suitability"|"Clay Liner for Waste Disposal				

Clay Liner for Waste Disposal is a constructed geologic barrier used to confine and isolate solid and liquid waste in disposal sites where protection of soil, ground water, and surface water is important.  The primary objective of the geologic barrier is to control leachate and gas migration.  Flexible membranes and drainage layers may be used with clay liner for waste disposal.  In some situations, bentonite is added to soils low in clay to achieve the desired hydraulic conductivity.

This interpretation rates potential sites for sources of clay liner material.  The primary assumption for clay liner for waste disposal is that the hydraulic conductivity of soils or geologic materials in the foundation of the waste disposal site is too high and leachate and gases from the buried waste can migrate into the soil, ground water, or surface water.  It is assumed that the source clay liner material would be a minimum of 50 cm thick before it would be feasible to excavate.  The material should be free of large rock fragments, roots, or other debris since it would be difficult to screen such clayey material to separate undesirable components.  Once it is excavated, it would be transported to the waste disposal site and it would be placed directly into the trench.  Water would be added if needed for appropriate compaction.  Bentonite would be added to the clay liner material at this time also, if needed. 

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water through seepage or migration of gases.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property, such as the use of a flexible membrane, drainage layers, or increased thickness of the geologic barrier.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Ratings are based on properties and qualities to the depth normally observed during soil mapping (approximately 6 feet).  However, because excavations may be as deep as 15 feet or more, geologic investigations are needed to determine the potential for pollution of ground water as well as to determine the design needed.  These investigations include the examination of stratification, rock formations, and geologic conditions that might lead to the conducting of leachates or migration of gases to aquifers, wells, watercourses, and other water sources.  The presence of rough bedrock, bedrock crevices, or highly permeable strata in or immediately underlying the proposed pit bottom is undesirable because of the difficulty in getting an adequate seal at the boundary of the rock and the Clay Liner material that would adequately reduce the potential pollution of underground water.

Soil properties that influence the risk of pollution and the ease of excavation and installation or compaction are major considerations.  Soils that have a water table within the depth of excavation present a potential pollution hazard and are difficult to excavate.  Slope is an important consideration because it affects the work involved in installing the liner.  It may also cause difficulty in constructing trenches for which the trench bottom must be kept level and oriented to follow the contour.

The ease with which the clay liner material is dug and placed is based largely on texture and consistence of the soil.  The texture and consistence of a soil also determine the degree of workability of the soil both when dry and when wet.  Soils that are plastic and sticky when wet are difficult to excavate, grade, or compact.  The Plasticity Index and the mineralogy of the soil help define the consistency of the soil.  

See the Daily Cover for Waste Disposal, Large-scale Event national soil interpretation to determine if suitable soils materials are available for the final cover of the site.  It may be desirable to stockpile the surface soil layer in the Clay Liner borrow area for use in the final blanketing of the fill.

The minimum requirements for the geologic barrier are as follows:

Landfill for hazardous waste - Ksat 10-9 m/sec  thickness  5 m
Landfill for non-hazardous waste - Ksat 10-9 m/sec  thickness  1 m
Landfill for inert waste - Ksat 10-7 m/sec  thickness  1 m
(Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Subtitle B - Ksat 10-7 cm/sec  thickness  2 ft, flexible membrane at least 60 mil (1.5 mm)).
(EPA - 3 ft soil layer) 

Criteria:
1.	Soil shall be free of roots, debris, organic or frozen material.
2.	Soil shall have a maximum clod size of 50 mm (2 in) at the time of compaction.
3.	Soil max. particle size  25 mm
(12.5 mm if flexible membrane is used)*
4.	Soil min. percent passing 4.75 mm sieve  80
5.	Soil min. percent passing 0.075 mm sieve  50
6.	Soil min. liquid limit  35
7.	Soil min. plasticity index  10
8.	Soil max. plasticity index  40

These criteria were determined based on information from the following references:

USDA. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1997. Agricultural Waste management Field Handbook. Chapter 10. 31 pages. 

US Army Corps of Engineers. August 2004.  Unified Facilities Guide Specifications No. 023377. 17 pages.   http://www.ccb.org/docs/ufgshome/pdf/02377.pdf

Environmental Protection Agency


*In the NASIS database, no size breaks easily equivalent to these sizes are used.  There is no break between 4.76 (number 4 sieve) and 75 mm.  It was thought that basing the rating on the material passing the Number 4 sieve would be too restrictive so the 75 mm size is used to approximate the 25 mm.  As a concession, the amount of >75mm material allowed is kept very low (5 percent).



Criteria Used:


1.  Area reclaim:  Soil reconstruction of areas drastically disturbed, as in obtaining material for a clay liner, is the process of replacing layers of soil material or unconsolidated geologic material, or both, in a vertical sequence of such quality and thickness that a favorable medium for plant growth is provided.

When the soil materials are properly used in reconstruction, a rating of good means that vegetation is relatively easy to establish and maintain, that the surface is stable and resists erosion, and that the reconstructed soil has good potential productivity.  Material rated fair can be vegetated and stabilized by modifying one or more properties.  Topdressing with better material or applications of soil amendments may be necessary for satisfactory performance.  Material rated poor has such severe problems that revegetation and stabilization are very difficult and costly.  Topdressing with better material is necessary to establish and maintain vegetation.

Soil properties influence selection of a site as a potential source of reconstruction material.  The soil interpretation for reconstruction material source is used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability or identifying the soil limitations as a potential source.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Vegetation is difficult to establish on soils that have high pH.  Many of these soils also have a high sodium adsorption ratio, which indicates potential instability and water transmission problems.  Materials that are extremely acid or have the potential upon oxidation of becoming extremely acid are difficult and expensive to vegetate.  They also contribute to poor water quality, in runoff or in ground water.

The available water capacity also is important in establishing vegetation.  Soils that have a low available water capacity may require irrigation for the establishment of vegetation.

The stability of the soil depends upon its erodibility by water and wind and its strength.  Water erodibility is indicated by the K factor; wind erodibility is rated according to the ""I"" value of the wind erodibility group.  Potential slippage hazard is related to soil texture, and although other factors also contribute, the ratings of soil texture represent one important factor.

The fraction 3-10 inches is a weight percentage of rock fragments in the material used for soil reconstruction.  The amount and size of rock fragments influence the ease of excavation, stockpiling, and respreading and the suitability for the final use of the land.  A certain amount of rock fragments can be tolerated depending upon their size and the intended use of the reclaimed area.  If the size of rock fragments exceeds 10 inches, problems are more severe.



Criteria used for area reclaim:

    Criterion name: AWC 0 to 30cm, 2 to 5cm/cm

    Droughty: Soils with high available water capacity are not as likely to
    be droughty.  This condition encourages vigorous plant growth and the
    establishment of grasses, shrubs, and trees.  Soil feature considered
    is the (available water capacity * the layer thickness) summed through
    the last soil layer or to a cemented restrictive layer.

            Property used: AWC 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality -
    high, low, representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Poorly suited          =< 2.0 cm
                    Somewhat suited         > 2.0 to 5.0 cm
                    Well suited            => 5.0 cm

            Null awc is assigned to the Not rated class.


    Criterion name: CaCO3 WTD_AVG 0-30cm 15 to 40

    Carbonate content: Soils with high calcium carbonate content in the
    thickest layer may limit vegetative growth of some plant species.  Soil
    feature considered is the layer with the maximum calcium carbonate
    equivalent.

            Property used: WTD_AVG CaCO3 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION
    (Modality - high, low, representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Poorly suited           => 40 %
                    Somewhat suited          > 15 and < 40 %
                    Well suited             =< 15 %

            Null CaCO3 values are assigned to the Not limiting class.


    Criterion name: Clay Content WTD_AVG to 30 cm

    Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult
    to spread and compact.  Soil feature considered is the maximum percent
    clay to a depth of 100cm or above a cemented restrictive feature.

            Property used: WTD_AVG CLAY CONTENT 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION
    (Modality - high, low, and representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                   Poorly suited           >= 40%
                   Somewhat suited         > 30 to < 40%
                   Well suited             <= 30%

            Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.


    Criterion name: Cobbles, Stones, WTD_AVG 25 to 50% - 0 to 30cm

    Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in
    size) in the upper 72 inches (180 cm) of the soil can interfere with
    construction equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent weighted
    average by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the upper
    72 inches of soil or above a restrictive layer.

            Property used: FRAGMENTS >75mm 0 to 30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICT,
    WTD_AVE  (Modality - high, low, and representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Poorly suited           > 50%
                    Somewhat suited         > 25% to <= 50%
                    Well suited            <= 25%

            Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not
    rated class.


    Criterion name: EC WTD_AVG 0 to 30 cm, 8-16mmhos

    Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water
    capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in
    disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest salinity
    (electrical conductivity) for all layers.

            Property used: WTD_AVG EC 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION
    (Modality - low, high, representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Poorly suited           > 16 mmhos/cm
                    Somewhat suited         <= 8 to >= 16 mmhos/cm
                    Well suited             < 8 mmhos/cm

            Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.


    Criterion name: Erodibility Factor Maximum

    Water erosion: Soils with high K factors have a tendency to erode and
    when used as reclamation materials are subject to water erosion.  Water
    erosion preventative practices are recommended on soils with high K
    factors.  Soil feature considered is the maximum K factor (whole)
    within a depth of 40 inches.

            Property used: SOIL EROSION FACTOR MAXIMUM 1/99 (Modality -
    representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Poorly suited          => .70
                    Somewhat suited         > .35 to < .70
                    Well suited            <= .35

            Null K factor whole is assigned to the Not limiting class.


    Criterion name: Gravelly, Fragments 4.7 to 75mm WTD_AVG 0-30cm

    Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in
    size) in the upper 30cm of the soil can interfere with construction
    equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by
    weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the upper 30cm of
    soil or above a restrictive layer.

            Property used: 4 SIEVE (NOT PASSING) 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICT
    LAYER WTD_AVG  (Modality - high, low, and representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Poorly suited            > 50%
                    Somewhat suited          > 25% to <= 50%
                    Well suited             <= 25%

            Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not
    rated class.


    Criterion name: Organic Matter < 1.5% to a Depth of 30 cm

    Low content of organic matter: Soil low in organic matter has poor
    tilth and inherent fertility.  Organic matter should be add to these
    soil when they are used as reclamation material.  Soil feature
    considered is percent organic matter content of the thickest soil layer
    above a cemented restrictive layer within a depth of 30cm.

            Property used: WTD_AVG OM 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality
    - high, low, representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Poorly suited         <= 0.2%
                    Somewhat suited        > 0.2 to < 1.5%
                    Well suited           => 1.5%

            Null layer organic matter contents are assigned to the Not
    rated class.


    Criterion name: Sand Content WTD_AVG 0 to 30 cm

    Too sandy: Soil with a thick sandy layer that is low in clay is hard to
    re-vegetate when used as topsoil or reclamation material.  They may
    also be subject to wind erosion.  Soil features considered are the
    percent clay and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes of the thickest layer
    within 100cm of the soil surface or above a cemented restrictive
    feature.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between
    the #4 and #200 sieve.

            Property used: WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION
    (Modality - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Poorly suited           >= 85
                    Somewhat suited          > 70 and < 85
                    Well suited             <= 70

            Null sand content is assigned to the Not rated class.

    AND

            Property used: WTD_AVG CLAY CONTENT 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION
    (Modality - high, low, representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Poorly suited           =< 10
                    Somewhat suited          > 10 and < 15
                    Well suited             => 15

            Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.


    Criterion name: Sodium Absorption Ratio WTD_AVG, 0-30 cm

    Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the
    potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in
    disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium
    adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range
    0 to 30 cm.


            Property used: WTD_AVG SAR 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION
    (Modality - low, high, representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Poorly suited            > 13
                    Somewhat suited          > 4 to =< 13
                    Well suited             <= 4

            Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.


    Criterion name: Soil Blowing

    Wind erosion: Soils in low WEG (Wind Erodibility Group) have a tendency
    to erode and when used as reclamation materials are subject to wind
    erosion.  Wind erosion preventative practices are recommended on soils
    with low WEG.  Soil feature considered is WEG.

            Property used: WIND ERODIBILITY GROUP (Modality -
    representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Poorly suited        ""1"" and ""2""
                    Suited                all others

            Null K factor whole is assigned to the Not limiting class.


    Criterion name: pH WTD_AVG 0-30

    Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing
    vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the minimum
    pH (either measured as 1 to 1 water or .01m CaCl2) of any soil layer.

            Property used: pH WTD _AVG 0-30 CM (Modality - high, low,
    representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Poorly Suited            < 4.5 and > 8.5
                    Somewhat Suited         => 4.5 to 6.0 and >7.0 to 8.5
                    Well suited             => 6.0 to 7.0

            Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.





2.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered is restrictive feature depth where kind is permafrost.
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Not suited		 < 50cm
		Somewhat suited 	=> 50 to =< 170cm
		Well suited		 > 170cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Well suited class.
	
	
	
3.  Depth to saturation:  Soil that is saturated with water has lower bearing strength and has reduced workability.  Saturation (water table) depth criteria are as follows.

	Property evaluated: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM  (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Not suited		 < 100cm
		Somewhat suited 	=> 100 to =< 200cm
		Well suited		 > 200cm
		
	Null depth to saturation is assigned  to the Well suited class.
	
	
	
4.  Flooding, or inundation with moving water, can cause damage to facilities and loss of property and life.  Flood waters can transport material away from the site and can deposit unwanted material on the site.  If the number of months a soil component has frequent or occasional flooding falls within the following parameters then the rule returns a value less than 1 and flooding is a limiting feature:

Flooding Frequency	Months
------------------	------
Frequent		>0
Occasional		>2


5.  Surface fragments:  Soil that is has large fragments on the surface have reduced trafficability.  The large rock fragments on the surface must be removed.  Rock fragment coverage criteria are as follows.

	Property evaluated: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE  (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 > 15 percent
		Somewhat suited 	=> 2 to 15 percent
		Well suited		 < 2 percent
		
	Null surface fragment coverage is assigned to the Well suited class.
	
	
	
6.  Hard to pack:  The amount of soil material passing the number 200 sieve, the liquid limit, and the plasticity index of soil material relates to its compactability.  Optimally, the material used for a clay liner should be readily compacted to a layer having low water transmission capabilities. 


These three soil characteristics are examined.  The least favorable of the three determines the soil's desirability as material for a clay liner.

	1.  Property evaluated: 200 SIEVE 30-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		< 50 percent
		Somewhat suited 	> 50 to < 80 percent
		Well suited		>= 80 percent
		
	Null Number 200 sieve is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	

	2.  Property evaluated: PI 30-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		< 10 and over 80 percent
		Somewhat suited 	>= 10 to 40 and 55 to > 80 percent
		Well suited		> 40 to 55 percent
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	3.  Property evaluated: LL 30-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		< 35 percent
		Somewhat suited 	> 35 to <= 60 percent
		Well suited		> 60 percent
		
	Null liquid limit is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
7.  Thin layer:  If the thickness of the soil layer is thin, excavation of the material is not worthwhile.  The upper 30 cm of the material is to be used to reclaim the site.  The depth of soil material available will range from 30 cm to either about 200 cm (the maximum depth easily excavated) or to the top of a cemented soil layer, such as bedrock, caliche, or duripan.

Property evaluated: SOIL DEPTH TO FIRST CEMENTED RESTRICTION BELOW O HORIZON  (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 < 50 cm
		Somewhat suited 	> 50 to 170 cm
		Well suited		 > 170 cm
		
	Null Component Restriction is assigned to the well suited class.
	
	
	
8.  Compactable material:  The amount of soil material passing the number 4 sieve relates to its compactability.  Optimally, the material used for a clay liner should be readily compacted to a layer having low water transmission capabilities.  The weighted average of the material bewtween 30 and 200 cm is examined.  The weighted average is used because it is assumed the material will be subjected to at least a small amount of stirring during processing. 

	Property evaluated: 4 SIEVE 30-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		< 80 percent
		Somewhat suited 	> 80 to < 100 percent
		Well suited		>= 100 percent
		
	Null Number 4 sieve is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
9.  Ponding:  If the number of months a soil component has frequent or occasional ponding falls within the following parameters then the rule returns a value less than 1 and ponding is a limiting feature:

Ponding Frequency	Months
-----------------	------
Frequent		>0
Occasional		>2


10.  Rock fragments:  The rock fragment content of a soil influences its usefulness as material for a clay liner.  Rock fragments decrease the compactability and provide planes of weakness for water flow.  Also, they may pucture the plastic liner if one is used.  Optimally, the material used for a clay liner should be free of rock fragments greater than 2.5 cm in diameter.  This rule keys on rock fragments in the 3 to 10 inch range.

	Property evaluated: FRAGMENTS >75mm 30-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, WTD_AVE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		> 5 percent  
		Somewhat suited 	<= 5 to 0 percent
		Well suited		0 percent
		
	Null rock fragments 3 to 10 and rock > 10 are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
11.  Slope:  The slope of the soil surface influences its trafficability for equipment and also can cause erosion hazard if steep.

	Property evaluated: SLOPE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		> 8 percent  
		Somewhat suited 	<= 8 to 3 percent
		Well suited		< 3 percent
		
	Null slopes are assigned to the Not rated class."|01/13/2010 14:44:07|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805396"
"OR067"|"DHS - Suitability for Composting Medium and Final Cover"|"suitability"|"Summary:

Soil survey interpretations for composting medium and final cover materials are made to provide guidance to users in selecting the site of a potential source.  Soils may be selected as potential source materials because they are nearby, are the only source available, or meet some or all of the physical or chemical properties required for the intended application.  In theory, every soil may be used as source materials, but in reality, only a few soils have the profile characteristics that meet the defined criteria and performance requirements when rated for a specific propose.  The use of rating guides can provide the user a means to select potential sites for further evaluation.  Final site evaluation and selection require an onsite inspection to determine the suitability and quality of the materials for the intended purpose.  Implementation of these interpretations helps minimize the need for excessive random exploratory investigation by pinpointing potential sites.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are suited as a source of ""Composting Medium and Final Cover"".  If a soil's property within 200 cm of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property contributes to the soil's potential as a source of composting medium or final cover.  The soil property contributing the least is identified as the soil feature making this soil a less than a desirable source of composting medium or final cover.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the minimum membership indices of the soil interpretive property that comprise the ""DHS - Composting Medium and Final Cover"" interpretive rule.

Soils are placed into suitability rating classes per their rating indices.  These are poor (rating index = 0), fair (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or good (rating index = 1.0).

Description:


Generally, the upper part of the soil, which is richest in organic matter, is most desirable for use as medium or cover material; however, material excavated from deeper layers is also used.  In this rating, the upper 100cm of soil material is evaluated for use as topsoil.  In the borrow area, the material below 100cm inches is evaluated for its suitability for plant growth after the upper 100cm is removed.

Scope: National

Soil properties that are used to rate the soil as a composting medium and final cover material are those that affect plant growth; the ease of excavation, loading, and spreading; and the reclamation of the borrow area.

The physical and chemical soil properties and qualities that influence plant growth are the presence of toxic substances, soil reaction, and those properties that are inferred from the soil texture, such as the available water capacity and fertility.  The properties that influence the ease of excavation, loading, and spreading are the amount of rock fragments, slope, depth to the water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable material.  The properties that influence the reclamation of the borrow area are the slope, depth to the water table, amount of rock fragments, depth to rock, and the presence of toxic material.  The presence of even a small percentage of rock fragments in excess of 4.7mm is detrimental to the desirability of the compost material produced.


Criteria used:


1.  Carbonate content: Soils with high calcium carbonate content in the thickest layer may limit vegetative growth of some plant species. Soil feature considered is calcium carbonate equivalent of the thickest horizon that has any portion between depths 0"" to 40"" (0 to 100 cm) or above a restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: WTD_AVG CaCO3 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Poorly suited 	 	=> 40 %
		Somewhat suited 	> 15 and < 40 %
		Well suited		=< 15 %
				
	Null CaCO3 values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
2.  Too Clayey: Clayey soils, low in organic matter, may become sticky when wet and have poor tilth.  When used for topsoil, controlling compaction, proper seedbed preparation and establishing new growth is difficult.  Soil features considered are the maximum percent clay and organic matter content to a depth of 100cm or above a cemented restrictive feature.  The model is constructed so that soils with clay content between 30 and 40% and have organic matter are not as restrictive as those with clay content in excess of 40%.
		
	Property used: WTD_AVG CLAY PERCENT 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Poorly suited		 > 30%
		Suited			=< 30%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
OR	
	
	DEPENDENCY INDEX
	
	Property used: WTD_AVG OM 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Somewhat suited	 	< 3% (Index numbers decrease from 1 at 3% organic matter to .5 at 0% organic matter.
					 This index number is multiplied by the clay index to derive a dependency index.)
		Well suited		=> 3%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	* 
	
	Property used: WTD_AVG CLAY PERCENT 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Poorly suited		>= 40%
		Somewhat suited		 > 30 to < 40%
		Well suited		<= 30%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
3.  Hard to reclaim:  Shallow depth to layers with high bulk density are diffucult to revegetate and reclaim.  These layers have low available water capacity and percolation rates.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first soil layer where high bulk density is greater than suitable for root growth.

	Property used: DEPTH TO ROOT LIMITING BULK DENSITY BELOW AN ORGANIC (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		=< 50cm
		Somewhat suited		 > 50 to < 100cm
		Well suited		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Well suited class.
	The restrictive feature is difficulty of area reclamation.
	
	
	
	
4.  Rock fragments: Soils that have gravel and rocks in the depth to 100cm are poor sources of composting medium and interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.   The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Percent Passing  #10 Sieve, WTD_AVG to 100cm -- Gravel content: Excessive gravel in the thickest layer of the upper 100cm of the soil can interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.  Soil feature considered is percent passing the #10 sieve of the thickest soil layer above cemented restrictive feature.

	Property used: WTD_AVG PASSING NO10 SIEVE 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		<= 70%
		Somewhat suited		 > 70% to < 90%
		Well suited		>= 90%
		
	Null #10 sieve data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
AND	
	
	Cobbles, WTD_AVG, 0 to 100cm -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the thickest layer of the upper 100cm of the soil can interfere with construction equipment and grading.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size of the thickest layer in the upper 100cm of soil.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >75mm 0 to 100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, WTD_AVE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		>= 25%
		Somewhat suited		 > 5% to < 25%
		Well suited		<= 5%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
5.  Hard to reclaim: Soils that have gravel and rocks in the thickest layer between 100 and 200cm are poor sources of compost medium soil and interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.   The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Percent Passing  #10 Sieve, WTD_AVG, 100 to 200cm -- Gravel content: Excessive gravel in the thickest layer between 100 and 200cm can interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.  Soil feature considered is percent passing the #10 sieve of the thickest soil layer above cemented restrictive feature.

	Property used: WTD_AVG PASSING NO10 SIEVE 100-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		<= 50%
		Somewhat suited		 > 50% to < 75%
		Well suited		>= 75%
		
	Null #10 sieve data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
AND	
	
	Cobbles, WTD_AVG, 100 to 200cm -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the thickest layer between 100 and 200cm deep can interfere with construction equipment and grading.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size of the thickest layer between a depth of 100 and 200cm.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >75mm 100-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, WTD_AVE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		>= 25%
		Somewhat suited		 > 5% to < 25%
		Well suited		<= 5%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
6.  Content of organic matter: Soil with high in organic matter, has low strength, and is difficult to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is percent organic matter content of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 25 and 100cm.
	
	Property used: WTD_AVG OM 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 > 30%
		Somewhat suited		=> 15% to <= 30%
		Well suited		 < 15%
		
	Null layer organic matter contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
7.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 < 50cm
		Somewhat suited  	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Well suited		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Well suited class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		= ""cpf""
		Suited 			not = ""cpf""
		
			Null depths are assigned to the Suited class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		= ""pf""
		Suited			not = ""pf""
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Suited class.
	
	
	
8.  Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock limits the volume of material suitable for use as topsoil or for site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 < 50cm
		Somewhat suited 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Well suited		 > 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Well suited class.
	
	
	
9.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits the volume of material suitable for use as topsoil and for recliamation. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 < 50cm
		Somewhat suited 	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Well suited		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		not = noncemented
		Suited			    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Suited class.
	
	
	
10.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
				
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Poorly suited		=> 15%
		Somewhat suited 	 > 8 and < 15%
		Well suited		=< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
11.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio in the thickest layer have the potential to restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation when used as a source of topsoil.  Soil feature considered is the thickest layer's sodium adsorption ratio within a depth of 100cm or above a cemented restrictive feature.
		
	Property used: WTD_AVG SAR 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Poorly suited		=> 13 
		Somewhat suited		 > 4 to < 13
		Well suited 		<= 4 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Well suited class.
	
	
	
12.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity in the thickest layer have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the salinity (electrical conductivity) for the thickest horizon within 100cm of the soil surface.
		
	Property used: WTD_AVG EC 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - low, high, representative value)
	Restriction limits:
		Poorly suited		  > 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat suited 	 <= 4 to >= 8 mmhos/cm
		Well suited		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
	
	Null EC is assigned to the ""Well suited"" class.
	
	
	
13.  Too sandy: Soil with a thick sandy layer that is low in clay is hard to re-vegetate when used as topsoil or reclamation material.  They may also be subject to wind erosion.  Soil features considered are the percent clay and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes of the thickest layer within 100cm of the soil surface or above a cemented restrictive feature.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		>= 85
		Somewhat suited  	 > 70 and < 85
		Well suited		<= 70
		
	Null sand content is assigned to the Not rated class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: WTD_AVG CLAY PERCENT 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited	 	=< 10
		Somewhat suited  	 > 10 and < 15
		Well suited		=> 15
		
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
14.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table have limited volume of material suitable for use as fill materials and maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		=< 30cm
		Somewhat suited		 > 30 to < 90cm
		Well suited		=> 90cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Well suited class.
	
	
	
15.  Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the thickest horizon in the depth range 0 to 100cm or a cemented restictive layer.
	
	Property used: WTD_AVG PH 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Poorly suited	 < 3.5
		Suited		=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class."|10/29/2009 09:31:31|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805468"
"OR067"|"ENG - Construction Materials; Gravel Source (OR)"|"suitability"|"Summary:

Soil survey interpretations for construction materials are made to provide guidance to users in selecting the site of a potential source.  Soils may be selected as potential source materials because they are nearby, are the only source available, or meets some or all of the physical or chemical properties required for the intended application.  In theory, every soil may be used as source materials, but in reality, only a few soils have the profile characteristics that meet the defined criteria and performance requirements when rated for a specific propose.  The use of rating guides can provide the user a means to select potential sites for further evaluation.

Suitability ratings and associated restrictive features are for roadfill, topsoil, sand, gravel, and soil reconstruction material.  The ratings do not consider the quality of the source material because quality depends on how the source material is to be used.  Final site evaluation and selection require an onsite inspection to determine the suitability and quality of the materials for the intended purpose.  Implementation of these interpretations helps minimize the need for excessive random exploratory investigation by pinpointing potential sites.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are suited as a "" Gravel Source"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property contributes to the soils potential as a source of gravel.  The soil property contributing lest is identified as the soil feature making this soil a less then desirable source of gravel.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the minimum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the "" Gravel Source"" interpretive rule.  

Soils are placed into suitability rating classes per their rating indices.  These are poor (rating index = 0 to 0.07), fair (rating index 0.08 to 0.74), or good (rating index > 0.74).


Description:

Gravel as a construction material is defined as particles ranging in size from 4.76 mm (sieve #4) to 76 mm (3 inches) in diameter.  Gravel is used in great quantities in many kinds of construction.  Specifications for each purpose vary widely.  The intent of this rating is to show only the probability of finding material in suitable quantity.  The suitability of the gravel for specific purposes is not evaluated.

Soil properties influence selection of a site as a potential source of gravel.  The soil interpretation for gravel source is used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability or identifying the soil limitations as a potential source.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Scope: National

The properties used to evaluate the soil as a probable source of gravel are grain size as indicated by the Unified soil classification, the thickness of the gravel layer, and the amount of rock fragments in the soil material.  If the lowest layer of the soil contains gravel, the soil is rated as a probable source regardless of thickness.  The assumption is that the gravel layer below the depth of observation exceeds the minimum thickness.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most suited of the following soil features.

	1.  Bottom layer: If the bottom layer contains significant amounts of material that passes the #4 sieve and not the #200 sieve, and does not contain rocks or coarse fragments, then the bottom layer is a potential source for sand.  The bottom layer takes precedence over the thickest layer.   There is no layer thickness restriction on the bottom layer.  The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Percent Passing the #4 Sieve (Bottom Layer) -- Gravelly: Soil with a gravelly bottom layer is a source of gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent passing the #4 sieve of the bottom layer or the last layer above bedrock.
	
	Property used: PASSING # 4 SIEVE BOTTOM LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 50
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 10 and < 50
		Not limiting		<= 10
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND	
	
	Coarse Fragments 3 to 10 inch (Bottom Layer) -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the bottom layer limits the layers potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the bottom soil layer and above bedrock.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm to 250mm BOTTOM LAYERS (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Limiting class.
		
AND

	Coarse Fragments > 10 inch (Bottom Layer) -- Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments > 10 inches in size) in the bottom layer limits the layers potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments greater then 10 inches in size in the bottom soil layer and above bedrock.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm BOTTOM LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null > 10-inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Limiting class.
	
	2.  Thickest layer: If the thickest layer contains significant amounts of material that does not passes the #4 sieve and does not contain rocks or coarse fragments, then the thickest layer is a potential source for gravel.  The bottom layer takes precedence over the thickest layer.  The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Layer Thickness -- Thin layer: The thickest soil layer is derived from layer depth to evaluate the potential quantity of sand or gravel available as a commercial source.  The thinner the layer the less potential.  Soil feature considered is layer thickness above a cemented restrictive feature.
	
	Property used: THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 30cm
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 30 and < 100cm
		Not limiting		>= 100cm
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND

	Percent Passing the #4 Sieve (Thickest Layer) -- Gravelly: Soil with a thick gravelly layer is a potential source of gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent passing the #4 sieve of the thickest soil layer above cemented restrictive feature.
	
	Property used: PASSING # 4 SIEVE THICKEST LAYER and NOT BOTTOM. (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 50
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 10 and < 50
		Not limiting		<= 10
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
AND	
	
	Coarse Fragments 3 to 10 inch (Thickest Layer) -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the thickest layer limits the layer's potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the thickest soil layer within depth of 0 to 72"" (0 to 180cm) or to a restrictive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm to 250mm THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
		
AND

	Coarse Fragments > 10 inch (Thickest Layer) -- Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the thickest layer limits the layer's potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments > 10 inches in size in the thickest soil layer within depth of 0 to 72"" (0 to 180cm) or to a restrictive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
AND

	Thin layer: The thickest soil layer is derived from layer depth to evaluate the potential quantity of sand or gravel available as a commercial source.  The thinner the layer the less potential.  Soil feature considered is layer thickness above a cemented restrictive feature.
	
	Property used: THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 30cm
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 30 and < 100cm
		Not limiting		>= 100cm
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials and not a good source of construction materials.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of all soil layers.
	
	Property used: NOT UNIFIED (pt, oh, ol) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		    = pt
		Not limiting		not = pt
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	4.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
			Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class."|11/19/2009 11:03:35|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805483"
"OR067"|"ENG - Construction Materials; Reclamation"|"suitability"|"Summary:

Soil survey interpretations for construction materials are made to provide guidance to users in selecting the site of a potential source.  Soils may be selected as potential source materials because they are nearby, are the only source available, or meets some or all of the physical or chemical properties required for the intended application.  In theory, every soil may be used as source materials, but in reality, only a few soils have the profile characteristics that meet the defined criteria and performance requirements when rated for a specific propose.  The use of rating guides can provide the user a means to select potential sites for further evaluation.

Suitability ratings and associated restrictive features are for roadfill, topsoil, sand, gravel, and soil reconstruction material.  The ratings do not consider the quality of the source material because quality depends on how the source material is to be used.  Final site evaluation and selection require an onsite inspection to determine the suitability and quality of the materials for the intended purpose.  Implementation of these interpretations helps minimize the need for excessive random exploratory investigation by pinpointing potential sites.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are suited as a source of ""Reclamation"" material.  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property contributes to the soils potential as a source of reclamation material.  The soil property contributing lest is identified as the soil feature making this soil a less then a desirable source of reclamation material.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the minimum membership indices of the soil interpretive property that comprise the "" Reclamation"" interpretive rule.  

Soils are placed into suitability rating classes per their rating indices.  These are poor (rating index = 0), fair (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or good (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Soil reconstruction of areas drastically disturbed, as in surface mining, is the process of replacing layers of soil material or unconsolidated geologic material, or both, in a vertical sequence of such quality and thickness that a favorable medium for plant growth is provided.

Most new state strip mine programs emphasize that the land surface be restored to about its natural configuration or better and that the soil be reconstructed to maintain or improve its suitability for the intended use.  Thus, knowledge of the soil and underlying material is needed to plan proper reconstruction operations of mined land.  This guide for soil reconstruction material evaluates the material as a medium for plant growth.  This guide does not cover areas of quarry, pit, dredge, and older surface mine operations that require an offsite source of soil reconstruction material.

When the soil materials are properly used in reconstruction, a rating of good means that vegetation is relatively easy to establish and maintain, that the surface is stable and resists erosion, and that the reconstructed soil has good potential productivity.  Material rated fair can be vegetated and stabilized by modifying one or more properties.  Topdressing with better material or applications of soil amendments may be necessary for satisfactory performance.  Material rated poor has such severe problems that revegetation and stabilization are very difficult and costly.  Topdressing with better material is necessary to establish and maintain vegetation.

Soil properties influence selection of a site as a potential source of reconstruction material.  The soil interpretation for reconstruction material source is used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability or identifying the soil limitations as a potential source.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Scope: National

Vegetation is difficult to establish on soils that have high pH.  Many of these soils also have a high sodium adsorption ratio, which indicates potential instability and water transmission problems.  Materials that are extremely acid or have the potential upon oxidation of becoming extremely acid are difficult and expensive to vegetate.  They also contribute to poor water quality, in runoff or in ground water.

The available water capacity also is important in establishing vegetation.  Soils that have a low available water capacity may require irrigation for the establishment of vegetation.

The stability of the soil depends upon its erodibility by water and wind and its strength.  Water erodibility is indicated by the K factor; wind erodibility is rated according to the ""I"" value of the wind erodibility group.  Potential slippage hazard is related to soil texture, and although other factors also contribute, the ratings of soil texture represent one important factor.

The fraction 3-10 inches is a weight percentage of rock fragments in the material used for soil reconstruction.  The amount and size of rock fragments influence the ease of excavation, stockpiling, and respreading and the suitability for the final use of the land.  A certain amount of rock fragments can be tolerated depending upon their size and the intended use of the reclaimed area.  If the size of rock fragments exceeds 10 inches, problems are more severe.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most suited of the following soil features.

	1.  Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to spread and compact.  Soil feature considered is the maximum percent clay to a depth of 100cm or above a cemented restrictive feature.
		
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>= 40%
		Somewhat limiting	> 30 to < 40%
		Not limiting		<= 30%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the upper 72 inches (180 cm) of the soil can interfere with construction equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the upper 72 inches of soil or above a restrictive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm-250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		<= 25%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Water erosion: Soils with high K factors have a tendency to erode and when used as reclamation materials are subject to water erosion.  Water erosion preventative practices are recommended on soils with high K factors.  Soil feature considered is the maximum K factor (whole) within a depth of 40 inches. 
		
	Property used: SOIL EROSION FACTOR MAXIMUM 1/99 (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> .70 
		Somewhat limiting	 > .35 to < .70
		Not limiting		<= .35 			
		
	Null K factor whole is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Carbonate content: Soils with high calcium carbonate content in the thickest layer may limit vegetative growth of some plant species.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum calcium carbonate equivalent.
	
	Property used: CALCIUM CARBONATE EQUIVALENT MAXIMUM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=> 40 %
		Somewhat Limiting 	> 15 and < 40 %
		Not limiting		=< 15 %
				
	Null CaCO3 values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 20"" (0-50 cm).

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4 to =< 13
		Not limiting		<= 4 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Droughty: Soils with high available water capacity are not droughty.  This condition encourages vigorous plant growth and the establishment of grasses, shrubs, and trees.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity * the layer thickness) summed through the last soil layer or to a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 7.5cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 7.5 to  < 15cm
		Not limiting		=> 15cm
		
	Null AWC is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	7.  Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock limits the volume of material suitable for use as topsoil or for site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits the volume of material suitable for use as topsoil and for recliamation. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the upper 72 inches (180 cm) of the soil can interfere with construction equipment. Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments > 10 inches in size in the upper 72 inches of soil or above a restricive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		<= 5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	10. Low content of organic matter: Soil low in organic matter has poor tilth and inherent fertility.  Organic matter should be add to these soil when they are used as reclamation material.  Soil feature considered is percent organic matter content of the thickest soil layer above a cemented restrictive layer within a depth of 180cm.
	
	Property used: ORGANIC MATTER PERCENT  THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-180CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 = 0%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0 to < 1%
		Not limiting		=> 1%
		
	Null layer organic matter contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	11. Too alkaline: Soils with high pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the maximum pH (either measured as 1 to 1 water or .01m CaCl2) of any soil layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER (Maximum) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 > 8.5
		Not limiting	=< 8.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	12. Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the minimum pH (either measured as 1 to 1 water or .01m CaCl2) of any soil layer.  Low pH values below 100cm are not as restrictive as those above 100cm
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER IN DEPTH 0-100cm (min) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 < 4.0
		Somewhat limiting	=> 4.0 to < 6.5
		Not limiting		=> 6.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	OR
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER  IN DEPTH 100-150cm (min) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	Restriction limits:
		Somewhat limiting	 < 4.0
		Not limiting		=> 4.0
		
	13. Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest salinity (electrical conductivity) for all layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		  > 16 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 <= 8 to >= 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 8 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	14. Too sandy: Soil with a thick sandy layer that is low in clay is hard to re-vegetate when used as topsoil or reclamation material.  They may also be subject to wind erosion.  Soil features considered are the percent clay and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes of the thickest layer within 100cm of the soil surface or above a cemented restrictive feature.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) THICKEST LAYER 0 to 100 CM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 85
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 70 and < 85
		Not limiting		<= 70
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not rated class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT  THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 	=< 10cm
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 10 and < 15
		Not limiting		=> 15cm
		
	Null clay percentage in the thickest layer is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	15. Wind erosion: Soils in low WEG (Wind Erodibility Group) have a tendency to erode and when used as reclamation materials are subject to wind erosion.  Wind erosion preventative practices are recommended on soils with low WEG.  Soil feature considered is WEG. 
		
	Property used: WIND ERODIBILITY GROUP (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		""1"" and ""2""
		Not limiting		all others			
		
	Null K factor whole is assigned to the Not limiting class."|10/29/2009 09:31:31|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805454"
"OR067"|"ENG - Construction Materials; Roadfill"|"suitability"|"Summary:

Soil survey interpretations for construction materials are made to provide guidance to users in selecting the site of a potential source.  Soils may be selected as potential source materials because they are nearby, are the only source available, or meets some or all of the physical or chemical properties required for the intended application.  In theory, every soil may be used as source materials, but in reality, only a few soils have the profile characteristics that meet the defined criteria and performance requirements when rated for a specific propose.  The use of rating guides can provide the user a means to select potential sites for further evaluation.

Suitability ratings and associated restrictive features are for roadfill, topsoil, sand, gravel, and soil reconstruction material.  The ratings do not consider the quality of the source material because quality depends on how the source material is to be used.  Final site evaluation and selection require an onsite inspection to determine the suitability and quality of the materials for the intended purpose.  Implementation of these interpretations helps minimize the need for excessive random exploratory investigation by pinpointing potential sites.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are suited as a source of ""Roadfill"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property contributes to the soil's potential as a source of roadfill.  The soil property contributing lest is identified as the soil feature making this soil a less then a desirable source of roadfill.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the minimum membership indices of the soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Roadfill"" interpretive rule.

Soils are placed into suitability rating classes per their rating indices.  These are poor (rating index = 0), fair (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or good (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Roadfill consists of soil material that is excavated from its original position and used in road embankments elsewhere.  The evaluations for roadfill are for low embankments that generally are less than 6 feet in height and are less exacting in design than high embankments, such as those along superhighways.  The rating is given for the whole soil, from the surface to a depth of about 5 feet, based on the assumption that soil horizons will be mixed in loading, dumping, and spreading.  In Table 620-7 criteria, limits, and restrictive features for rating soils for local roads and streets are given.  Soils are rated as to the amount of material available for excavation, the ease of excavation, and how well the material performs after it is in place.

Scope: National

Soil properties that affect the amount of material available for excavation are thickness of suitable material above bedrock or other material that is not suitable.  The percent of coarse fragments more than 3 inches in diameter, the depth to a seasonal high water table, and the slope are properties that influence the ease of excavation.  How well the soil performs in place is indicated by the AASHTO classification and group index and by the shrink-swell potential.  A high content of gypsum can cause piping or pitting.  Some damage to the borrow area is expected; but if revegetation and erosion control are likely to be difficult, the soil is rated severe.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most suited of the following soil features.

	1.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the upper 40 inches (100 cm) of the soil can interfere with construction equipment and grade stabilization.  Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the upper 40 inches of soil.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm-250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-40 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 35%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15% to <= 35%
		Not limiting		<= 15%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragments are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Shrink-swell: Excessive shrink-swell (weighted average) between 25 and 150cm deep can cause roads to shift and paving to crack.  Soil feature considered is weighted average percent linear extensibility between a depth of 10 to 60 inches or above bedrock.

	Property used: SHRINK-SWELL 25-150cm OR ABOVE Restrictive Layer Wt_Ave. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 9%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 3% to < 9%
		Not limiting		 < 3%
		
	Null linear extensibility is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 25%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15 and < 25%
		Not limiting		=< 15%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	4.  Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the upper 40 inches (100 cm) of the soil can interfere with construction equipment and packing. Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments > 10 inches in size in the upper 40 inches of soil.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-40 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		<= 5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	5.  Low strength: Soils with high AASHTO Group Index have low strength which affects the soil's traffic-supporting capacity and reduces the soil's potential as a site for roadfill.  This condition is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic.  Soil feature considered is the AASHTO Group Index of the thickest soil layer below 25cm or to a cemented restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: AASHTO GIN THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5 to < 8
		Not limiting		=< 5
			
	Null AASHTO Group Index values are assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by 90%.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
			Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock limits the volume of material suitable for use as roadfill.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits the volume of material suitable for use as roadfill. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	> 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table have limited volume of material suitable for use as fill materials and maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 30cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 90cm
		Not limiting		=> 90cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|10/29/2009 09:31:31|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805424"
"OR067"|"ENG - Construction Materials; Sand Source (OR)"|"suitability"|"Summary:

Soil survey interpretations for construction materials are made to provide guidance to users in selecting the site of a potential source.  Soils may be selected as potential source materials because they are nearby, are the only source available, or meets some or all of the physical or chemical properties required for the intended application.  In theory, every soil may be used as source materials, but in reality, only a few soils have the profile characteristics that meet the defined criteria and performance requirements when rated for a specific propose.  The use of rating guides can provide the user a means to select potential sites for further evaluation.

Suitability ratings and associated restrictive features are for roadfill, topsoil, sand, gravel, and soil reconstruction material.  The ratings do not consider the quality of the source material because quality depends on how the source material is to be used.  Final site evaluation and selection require an onsite inspection to determine the suitability and quality of the materials for the intended purpose.  Implementation of these interpretations helps minimize the need for excessive random exploratory investigation by pinpointing potential sites.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are suited as a ""Sand Source"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property contributes to the soils potential as a source of sand.  The soil property contributing lest is identified as the soil feature making this soil a less then desirable source of sand.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the minimum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Sand Source "" interpretive rule.  

Soils are placed into suitability rating classes per their rating indices.  These are poor (rating index = 0 to 0.07), fair (rating index 0.08 to 0.74), or good (rating index > 0.74).

Description:

Sand as a construction material is usually defined as particles ranging in size from 0.074 mm (sieve #200) to 4.75 mm (sieve #4) in diameter.  Sand is used in great quantities in many kinds of construction.  Specifications for each purpose vary widely.  The intent of this rating is to show only the probability of finding material in suitable quantity.  The suitability of the sand for specific purposes is not evaluated.

Soil properties influence selection of a site as a potential source of sand.  The soil interpretation for sand source is used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability or identifying the soil limitations as a potential source.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Scope: National

The properties used to evaluate the soils as a probable source of sand are the grain size as indicated by the Unified soil classification, the thickness of the sand layer, and the amount of rock fragments in the soil material.  They are listed in Table 620-8.  If the lowest layer of the soil contains sand, the soil is rated as a probable source regardless of thickness.  The assumption is that the sand layer below the depth of observation exceeds the minimum thickness.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most suited of the following soil features.

	1.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials and not a good source of construction materials.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of all soil layers.
	
	Property used: NOT UNIFIED (pt, oh, ol) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		    = pt
		Not limiting		not = pt
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
			Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Bottom layer: If the bottom layer contains significant amounts of material that passes the #4 sieve and not the #200 sieve, and does not contain rocks or coarse fragments, then the bottom layer is a potential source for sand.  The bottom layer takes precedence over the thickest layer.   There is no layer thickness restriction on the bottom layer.  The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Percent Passing #4 Sieve - #200 Sieve (Bottom Layer) -- Sandy: Soil with a sandy bottom layer is a source of sand.  Soil feature considered is estimated sand of the bottom layer or the last layer above bedrock using the difference between the #4 and 200# sieve sizes.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) BOTTOM LAYER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 50
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 50 and < 95
		Not limiting		>= 95
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND	
	
	Coarse Fragments 3 to 10 inch (Bottom Layer) -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the bottom layer limits the layers potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the bottom soil layer and above bedrock.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm to 250mm BOTTOM LAYERS (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragments are assigned to the Limiting class.
		
AND

	Coarse Fragments > 10 inch (Bottom Layer) -- Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments > 10 inches in size) in the bottom layer limits the layers potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments greater then 10 inches in size in the bottom soil layer and above bedrock.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm BOTTOM LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null > 10-inch rock fragments are assigned to the Limiting class.
	
	4.  Thickest layer: If the thickest layer contains significant amounts of material that passes the #4 sieve and does not pass the #200 sieve, and does not contain rocks or coarse fragments, then the thickest layer is a potential source for sand.  The bottom layer takes precedence over the thickest layer.  The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:
	
	Layer Thickness -- Thin layer: The thickest soil layer is derived from layer depth to evaluate the potential quantity of sand or gravel available as a commercial source.  The thinner the layer the less potential.  Soil feature considered is layer thickness above a cemented restrictive feature.
	
	Property used: THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 30cm
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 30 and < 100cm
		Not limiting		>= 100cm
		
	Null thickness is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	AND

	Percent Passing #4 Sieve - #200 Sieve (Thickest Layer) -- Sandy: Soil with a thick sandy layer is a source of sand.  Soil feature considered is estimated sand of the soil's thickest layer above a cemented layer using the difference between the #4 and 200# sieve sizes.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) THICKEST LAYER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 50
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 50 and < 95
		Not limiting		>= 95
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
AND	
	
	Coarse Fragments 3 to 10 inch (Thickest Layer) -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the thickest layer limits the layer's potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the thickest soil layer within depth of 0 to 72"" (0 to 180cm) or to a restrictive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm to 250mm THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragments are assigned to the Not rated class.
		
AND

	Coarse Fragments > 10 inch (Thickest Layer) -- Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the thickest layer limits the layer's potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments > 10 inches in size in the thickest soil layer within depth of 0 to 72"" (0 to 180cm) or to a restrictive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragments are assigned to the Not rated class."|10/21/2009 10:54:18|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805413"
"OR067"|"ENG - Construction Materials; Topsoil (OR)"|"suitability"|"Summary:

Soil survey interpretations for construction materials are made to provide guidance to users in selecting the site of a potential source.  Soils may be selected as potential source materials because they are nearby, are the only source available, or meets some or all of the physical or chemical properties required for the intended application.  In theory, every soil may be used as source materials, but in reality, only a few soils have the profile characteristics that meet the defined criteria and performance requirements when rated for a specific propose.  The use of rating guides can provide the user a means to select potential sites for further evaluation.

Suitability ratings and associated restrictive features are for roadfill, topsoil, sand, gravel, and soil reconstruction material.  The ratings do not consider the quality of the source material because quality depends on how the source material is to be used.  Final site evaluation and selection require an onsite inspection to determine the suitability and quality of the materials for the intended purpose.  Implementation of these interpretations helps minimize the need for excessive random exploratory investigation by pinpointing potential sites.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are suited as a source of ""Topsoil"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property contributes to the soil's potential as a source of topsoil.  The soil property contributing lest is identified as the soil feature making this soil a less then a desirable source of topsoil.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the minimum membership indices of the soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Topsoil"" interpretive rule.

Soils are placed into suitability rating classes per their rating indices.  These are poor (rating index = 0), fair (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or good (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

The term ""topsoil"" has several meanings.  As used here, the term describes soil material used to cover an area and improve soil conditions for the establishment and maintenance of adapted vegetation. 

Generally, the upper part of the soil, which is richest in organic matter, is most desirable for use as topsoil; however, material excavated from deeper layers is also used.  In this rating, the upper 40 inches of soil material is evaluated for use as topsoil.  In the borrow area, the material below 40 inches is evaluated for its suitability for plant growth after the upper 40 inches is removed.

Scope: National

Soil properties that are used to rate the soil as topsoil are those that affect plant growth; the ease of excavation, loading, and spreading; and the reclamation of the borrow area.

The physical and chemical soil properties and qualities that influence plant growth are the presence of toxic substances, soil reaction, and those properties that are inferred from the soil texture, such as the available water capacity and fertility.  The properties that influence the ease of excavation, loading, and spreading are the amount of rock fragments, slope, depth to the water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable material.  The properties that influence the reclamation of the borrow area are the slope, depth to the water table, amount of rock fragments, depth to rock, and the presence of toxic material.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most suited of the following soil features.

	1.  Carbonate content: Soils with high calcium carbonate content in the thickest layer may limit vegetative growth of some plant species. Soil feature considered is calcium carbonate equivalent of the thickest horizon that has any portion between depths 0"" to 40"" (0 to 100 cm) or above a restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: CALCIUM CARBONATE  THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=> 40 %
		Somewhat Limiting 	> 15 and < 40 %
		Not limiting		=< 15 %
				
	Null CaCO3 values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Too Clayey: Clayey soils, low in organic matter, may become sticky when wet and have poor tilth.  When used for topsoil, controlling compaction, proper seedbed preparation and establishing new growth is difficult.  Soil features considered are the maximum percent clay and organic matter content to a depth of 100cm or above a cemented restrictive feature.  The model is constructed so that soils with clay content between 30 and 40% and have organic matter are not as restrictive as those with clay content in excess of 40%.
		
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 30%
		Not limiting		=< 30%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
OR	
	
	DEPENDENCY INDEX
	
	Property used: ORGANIC MATTER PERCENT  THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Somewhat limiting	 < 3% (Index numbers decrease from 1 at 3% organic matter to .5 at 0% organic matter. This index number is multiplied by the clay index to derive a dependency index.)
		Not limiting		=> 3%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	* 
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>= 40%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 40%
		Not limiting		<= 30%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Hard to reclaim:  Shallow depth to layers with high bulk density are diffucult to revegetate and reclaim.  These layers have low available water capacity and percolation rates.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first soil layer where high bulk density is greater then 1.8.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BULK DENSITY >1.8 G/CC (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Hard to reclaim: Soils that have gravel and rocks in the thickest layer between 40 and 72 inches are poor sources of top soil and interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.   The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Percent Passing  #10 Sieve; Thickest Layer 40 to 72 inches -- Gravel content: Excessive gravel in the thickest layer between 40 and 72 inches can interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.  Soil feature considered is percent passing the #10 sieve of the thickest soil layer above cemented restrictive feature.

	Property used: PASSING # 10 SIEVE THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 40-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 50%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50% to < 75%
		Not limiting		>= 75%
		
	Null #10 sieve data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
AND	
	
	Cobbles in the Thickest Layer 40 to 72 inches -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the thickest layer between 40 and 72 inches deep can interfere with construction equipment and grading.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size of the thickest layer between a depth of 40 to 72 inches.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS  75mm to 250mm  THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH  40-72 in (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 25%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5% to < 25%
		Not limiting		<= 5%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Rock fragments: Soils that have gravel and rocks in the thickest layer to a depth of 40 inches are poor sources of top soil and interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.   The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Percent Passing  #10 Sieve in the Thickest Layer to 40 in. -- Gravel content: Excessive gravel in the thickest layer of the upper 40 inches (100 cm) of the soil can interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.  Soil feature considered is percent passing the #10 sieve of the thickest soil layer above cemented restrictive feature.

	Property used: PASSING # 10 SIEVE THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-40 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 70%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 70% to < 90%
		Not limiting		>= 90%
		
	Null #10 sieve data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
AND	
	
	Cobbles in the Thickest Layer to 40 inches -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the thickest layer of the upper 40 inches (100 cm) of the soil can interfere with construction equipment and grading.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size of the thickest layer in the upper 40 inches of soil.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS  75mm to 250mm  THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH  0-40 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 25%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5% to < 25%
		Not limiting		<= 5%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	6.  Content of organic matter: Soil with high in organic matter, has low strength, and is difficult to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is percent organic matter content of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 25 and 100cm.
	
	Property used: ORGANIC MATTER PERCENT THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 30%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 15% to <= 30%
		Not limiting		 < 15%
		
	Null layer organic matter contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	7.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
			Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock limits the volume of material suitable for use as topsoil or for site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits the volume of material suitable for use as topsoil and for recliamation. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
				
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 8 and < 15%
		Not limiting		=< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	11. Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the thickest horizon in the depth range 0 to 100cm or a cemented restictive layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	12. Salinity: Soils with high salinity in the thickest layer have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the salinity (electrical conductivity) for the thickest horizon within 100cm of the soil surface.
		
	Property used: SOIL SALINITY THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		  > 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 <= 4 to >= 8 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
	
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Too sandy: Soil with a thick sandy layer that is low in clay is hard to re-vegetate when used as topsoil or reclamation material.  They may also be subject to wind erosion.  Soil features considered are the percent clay and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes of the thickest layer within 100cm of the soil surface or above a cemented restrictive feature.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) THICKEST LAYER 0 to 100 CM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 85
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 70 and < 85
		Not limiting		<= 70
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not rated class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT  THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 	=< 10cm
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 10 and < 15
		Not limiting		=> 15cm
		
	Null clay percentage in the thickest layer is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	14. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio in the thickest layer have the potential to restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation when used as a source of topsoil.  Soil feature considered is the thickest layer's sodium adsorption ratio within a depth of 100cm or above a cemented restrictive feature.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4 to < 13
		Not limiting		<= 4 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table have limited volume of material suitable for use as fill materials and maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 30cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 90cm
		Not limiting		=> 90cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|10/29/2009 09:31:31|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805485"
"OR067"|"ENG - Daily Cover for Landfill"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as ""Daily Cover for Landfill"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Daily Cover for Landfill"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is applied daily to compacted solid waste in a sanitary landfill.  The cover material is obtained offsite, transported, and spread on the area.  The required soil characteristics for both daily and final cover materials are similar enough to share one rating.

Scope: National

Soil interpretations for Daily Cover for Landfills are a tool for guiding the user in barrow site selection and has additional application for the reclamation of some quarries, pits, and surface mine operations.  The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.

Suitability of a soil for use as cover is based on properties that reflect workability and the ease of digging and of moving and spreading the material over the refuse daily during both wet and dry periods.  Soils that are loamy or silty and that are free of stones are better suited than other soils.  Clayey soils may be sticky and difficult to spread, and sandy soils may be subject to soil blowing.  Slope affects the ease of excavation and of moving the cover material.  It also may affect the final configuration of the borrow area and, thus, runoff, erosion, and reclamation.

The soils selected for daily cover for landfill should also be suitable for growing plants.  They should not contain significant amounts of substances that are toxic to plants, such as a high content of sodium, salts, or lime.  They should be thick enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water table so that material can be removed efficiently while leaving a borrow area that can be revegetated.  However, some damage to the borrow area is expected and plant growth may not be optimum.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Too Acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the thickest horizon in the depth range 10"" to 72"" (25-180 cm) or restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 25-150cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	2.  Carbonate content: Soils with high calcium carbonate content in the thickest layer may limit vegetative growth of some plant species. Soil feature considered is calcium carbonate equivalent for the thickest horizon that has any portion in the depths 10"" to > 60"" (25 to 500 cm) or above a restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: CALCIUM CARBONATE THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 25, >150CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 > 40%
		Not limiting	=< 40%
		
	Null CaCO3 values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	3.  Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to spread and compact.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes and is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic.  Soil feature considered is the first or rv USDA texture of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 150cm or above a restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 25-150cm (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		C, SiC
		Somewhat limiting	CL, SiCL, SC
		Not limiting		All others
			
		Null USDA textures are assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then the soil clayey rating is reduced by .5.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated

	4.  Gravel content: Gravel (small stones) may impede the workability of the soil and restrict site reclamation.  This condition is restrictive when the soil contains a high content of gravel and not in the set of soils considered organic as defined by the soil Not in unified class ""pt"".  Soil feature considered is weighted average of rock fragments of size 2mm to <75mm in all horizons above a restrictive layer or within 180cm of the surface.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 2mm-<75mm WT. AVE. 0-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 50%
		Somewhat limiting	> 25% to < 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
	Null sieve and unified classes are assigned to the Limiting class.

And	
	
	Property used: UNIFIED (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits: Pt or Null Unified classes are not considered by this rule and if present will give a Not limiting rating for Gravel content.

		
	5.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials, have low strength, and are hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 180cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pt""
		Not limiting	not = ""pt""
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	6.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 180 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm Wt. Ave. 0-180cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 50%
		Somewhat limiting	> 25% to < 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
				
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
		
	7.  Seepage:  When the thickest soil horizon's Ksat is high then the rate of water movement through these materials is high and seepage and/or leaching is an environmental, health, and performance concern.
	
	Property used: PERMEABILITY THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 25-150cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=> 42 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	> 14 to < 42 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=< 14 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	8.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and kind where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null  USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	9.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
					  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	10. Salinity: Soils with high salinity and not in aridic moisture regimes have reduced available water capacity which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 10"" to 60"" (25-150 cm).
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 25-150cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 16 mmnos/cm
		Not limiting		<= 16 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	11. Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock limits the volume of material suitable for use as landfill cover.  Soils that are shallow are also difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	12. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of the installed application.  Soils that are shallow are also difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	13. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
		
	14. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 10"" to 60"" (25-150 cm).

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 25-150cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 mmnos/cm
		Not limiting		<= 13 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	15. Hard to compact: Soil's are HARD TO PACK if they are in Unified classes mh, ol, oh, or ch.  This condition is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic. Soil feature considered is the first or rv Unified class of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 180cm or above a restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy. 


	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		= ol, oh, ch, mh
		Somewhat limiting	= ol, oh, ch, mh
					   If kaolinitic
		Not limiting		All others
			
	Null UNIFIED class is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by .5.
			
		Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not limiting.
		
	16. Too Sandy: Sandy soils may be subject to soil blowing and are droughty, making establishment of vegetative cover difficult.  Soil feature considered is the first or rv USDA texture of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 180cm or above a restrictive layer.
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		= cos, s, fs, sg
		Somewhat limiting	= cos, s, fs, sg
		Not limiting		All others
			
	Null USDA textures are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	17.  Depth to saturated zone: Shallow depth to water table limits the volume of material suitable for use as landfill cover.  Soils that are shallow to water are also difficult to reclaim and revegetated and contamination from leaching may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 45cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 45 to =< 105cm
		Not limiting		 > 105cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|10/29/2009 09:31:31|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805481"
"OR067"|"ENG - Dwellings W/O Basements"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Dwellings W/O Basements"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Dwellings W/O Basements"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Dwellings without basements are single-family houses of three stories or less without basements.  The foundation is assumed to be spread footings of reinforced concrete built on undisturbed soil at a depth of 2 feet or at the depth of maximum frost penetration, whichever is deeper.

Scope: National

Soil properties influence the development of building and construction sites, including the selection of the site, the design of the structure, construction, performance, and after construction maintenance.  The soil interpretations for dwellings w/o basements are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Ratings are based on soil properties and qualities affecting the capacity of soil to support a load without movement and on those that affect excavation and construction costs.  The properties and qualities affecting load-supporting capacity without movement are the presence of a high water table, flooding, and the shrink-swell behavior and compressibility of the soils.  Compressibility is inferred from the Unified classification.  Properties influencing the ease and amount of excavation are a seasonal high water table, slope, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, and the amount and size of rock fragments.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts installation of small buildings and roads or streets. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Soil that floods limit the installation and function for building site applications.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very rare"" or ""rare"" or ""occasional"" or ""frequent"" or ""very frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 25 and 100cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-100cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
		
	5.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	not = ""none""
		Not limiting	    = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of  small buildings and roads or streets. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Shrink-swell:  Excessive shrink-swell in the thickest layer between 25 and 100cm deep can cause building foundations to shift, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is percent linear extensibility of the thickest layer between a depth of 10 to 40 inches or above bedrock.

	Property used: SHRINK-SWELL THICKEST LAYER 25-100cm OR ABOVE ROCK (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 6%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 3% to <= 6%
		Not limiting		 < 3%
		
	Null linear extensibility is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	10. Depth to thick cemented pan: Depth to thick cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Depth to thin cemented pan: Depth to thin cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer less then or equal to 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Subsidence: Soils with high subsidence can cause building and road foundations to shift or collapse, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is total subsidence.
	
	Property used: SUBSIDENCE TOTAL (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	=> 30cm
		Not limiting	 < 30cm
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 43cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 43 to <= 75cm
		Not limiting		 > 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	14.  Unstable Fill:  Soils that are reconstructed because of land reclamation practices can cause differential settlement.  These areas of differential settlement are difficult to identify and are typically destructive to engineering infrastructure.  Soil feature considered is the component local phase.
	
	Property used: COMPONENT LOCAL PHASE
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting             = ""unstable fill""
		Not limiting	 not = ""unstable fill""
	
	Null local phase is assigned to the Not limiting class."|10/30/2009 12:37:44|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805394"
"OR067"|"ENG - Dwellings With Basements"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Dwellings With Basements"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Dwellings With Basements"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Dwellings with basements are single-family houses of three stories or less with basements.  The foundation is assumed to be spread footings of reinforced concrete built on undisturbed soil at a depth of about 7 feet.

Scope: National

Soil properties influence the development of building and construction sites, including the selection of the site, the design of the structure, construction, performance, and after construction maintenance.  The soil interpretations for dwellings with basements are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Ratings are based on soil properties and qualities affecting the capacity of soil to support a load without movement and on those that affect excavation and construction costs.  The properties affecting load-supporting capacity without movement are presence of a seasonal high water table, flooding, and the shrink-swell behavior and compressibility of the soils.  Compressibility is inferred from the Unified classification.  Properties influencing the ease and amount of excavation are flooding, a high water table, slope, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, and the amount and size of coarse fragments.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation and restricts the installation of basements, shallow excavations, and lagoons.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Soil that floods limit the installation and function for building site applications.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very rare"" or ""rare"" or ""occasional"" or ""frequent"" or ""very frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim. Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the deepest soil layer or the last layer above bedrock.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED BOTTOM LAYER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting		not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limited class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
	Null FRAGMENTS > 75mm are assigned Not rated.
	
	5.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	not = ""none""
		Not limiting	    = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support small buildings with basements. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Shrink-swell:  Excessive shrink-swell in the thickest layer between 25 and 150cm deep can cause building foundations to shift and basements to crack.  Soil feature considered is percent linear extensibility of the thickest layer between a depth of 10 to 60 inches or above bedrock.

	Property used: SHRINK-SWELL THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm OR ABOVE ROCK (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 6%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3% to < 6%
		Not limiting		=< 3%
		
	Null linear extensibility is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	10. Depth to thick cemented pan: Depth to thick cemented pan limit site preparation and restricts the installation of basements, shallow excavations, and lagoons.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	11. Depth to thin cemented pan: Depth to thin cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer less then or equal to 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	
	12. Subsidence: Soils with high subsidence can cause building and road foundations to shift or collapse, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is total subsidence.
	
	Property used: SUBSIDENCE TOTAL (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	=> 30cm
		Not limiting	 < 30cm
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 75cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 75 to < 182cm
		Not limiting		=> 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	14.  Unstable fill:  Soils that are reconstructed because of land reclamation practices can cause differential settlement.  These areas of differential settlement are difficult to identify and are typically destructive to engineering infrastructure.  Soil feature considered is the component local phase.
	
	Property used: COMPONENT LOCAL PHASE
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting             = ""unstable fill""
		Not limiting	 not = ""unstable fill""
	
	Null local phase is assigned to the Not limiting class."|10/30/2009 12:37:44|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805466"
"OR067"|"ENG - Lawn, Landscape, Golf Fairway"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Lawn, Landscape, Golf Fairway"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Lawn, Landscape, Golf Fairway"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Soils are rated for their use in establishing and maintaining turf for lawns and golf fairways and ornamental trees and shrubs for residential or commercial landscaping.

Scope: National

Soil interpretations for lawn, landscape, or golf fairways are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.  These ratings are based on the use of soil material at the location that may have some land smoothing.  Irrigation may or may not be needed and is not a criterion in rating.  Traps, trees, roughs, and greens are not considered as part of the golf fairway.

The soil properties and qualities considered in rating soils for lawns, landscaping, and golf fairways include those that affect growth and trafficability after vegetation is established.  The properties that affect plant growth are the content of salt, sodium, or calcium carbonate; sulfidic materials; soil reaction; depth to the water table; depth to bedrock or a cemented pan; and the available water capacity in the upper 40 inches of soil.  The properties that affect trafficability after vegetation is established are flooding, wetness, slope, stoniness, and the amount of clay, sand, or organic matter in the surface layer.
Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Droughty: Soils with low available water capacity are droughty.  This condition restricts plant growth and the establishment of grasses, shrubs, and trees.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity * the layer thickness) summed to a depth of 100cm or a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-100cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 5cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 5 to =< 10cm
		Not limiting		 > 10cm
		
	Null awc is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Flooding at frequency greater then rare has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 3 inch) in size in soil surface layer are nuisances and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 3 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		   > 30%
		Somewhat limiting	 >=  5% to <= 30%
		Not limiting		  <  5%
		
	Null > 3 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	4.  Carbonate content: Soils with high calcium carbonate content in the thickest layer may limit vegetative growth of some plant species.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum calcium carbonate equivalent to a depth of 40cm.
	
	Property used: CALCIUM CARBONATE EQUIVALENT MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 > 40 %
		Not limiting		=< 40 %
				
	Null CaCO3 values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  USDA Texture Modifiers - Surface Organics: Soils with surface USDA Texture In-Lieu-Of ""mpt"" or ""muck"" or ""peat"" or USDA Texture Modifier ""mucky"" or ""peaty"" are high in organic materials, have low strength, and are hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture In-Lieu-Of or USDA Texture Modifier of the surface layer if the layer is greater then 25cm thick.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE IN-LIEU-OF ""Surface Layer"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""mpt"" or ""muck"" or ""peat""
		Not limiting	not = ""mpt"" or ""muck"" or ""peat""
		
	Null USDA TEXTURE IN-LIEU-OF is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	OR
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""mucky"" or ""peaty""
		Not limiting	not = ""mucky"" or ""peaty""
		
	Null USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is assigned to the Not rated class.


AND 	
	
	Property used: SURFACE LAYER THICKNESS nssc (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 > 25cm
		Not limiting	<= 25cm
		
	6. Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity and may induce salinity toxicity, which restricts vigorous plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) of the surface layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 => 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 => 4 to < 8 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of the installed application.  Shallow soils have reduced water-holding capacities, restricted percolation rates and are difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11.    
Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	12. Gravel content: Gravel (small stones) in the surface layer is a nuisance and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is the surface percent retained on the #10 sieve (100 - #10). This is adjusted for stones by multiplying it times the fraction less than 3"" (1 - (Rock 3-10 + Rock >10)/100).

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 2MM-75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25 to <= 50%
		Not limiting		 < 25%
		
	Null sieve are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	13. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 12 
		Not limiting		<= 12 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	14. Sulfur content: Soil in taxonomic Great Group ""sulfaquents"" or ""sulfihemists"" are high in sulfidic materials that restrict plant growth and re-vegetation of disturbed areas.  Soil feature considered is taxonomic Great Group.
	
	Property used: TAXONOMIC GREAT GROUP (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""sulfaquents"" or ""sulfihemists""
		Not limiting	not = ""sulfaquents"" or ""sulfihemists""
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates and compaction may reduce the growth of grass and ornamental plantings.  Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 40%
		Not limiting		=< 40%
		
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	17. Too sandy: Soil with sandy surface layer is subject to blowing sand, are hard to re-vegetate, and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture class of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE SURFACE LAYER NSSC (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		""COS""
		Somewhat limiting 	""LCOS"" or ""S""
		Not limiting		all other USDA Textures
		
	Null USDA Texture is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	18. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 30cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 75cm
		Not limiting		=> 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|10/29/2009 09:31:31|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805411"
"OR067"|"ENG - Local Roads and Streets"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Local Roads and Streets"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Local Roads and Streets"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Local roads and streets are those roads and streets that have all-weather surfacing (commonly of asphalt or concrete) and that are expected to carry automobile traffic year-round.

Scope: National

The roads and streets consist of
(1) the underlying local soil material, either cut or fill, which is called ""the sub-grade"";
(2)  the base material, which may be lime-stabilized soil, cement-stabilized soil, gravel, or crushed rock;
(3) the actual road surface or street pavement, which is either flexible (asphalt), rigid (concrete), or gravel with binder in it.
They are graded to shed water, and conventional drainage measures are provided.  With the probable exception of the hard surface, roads and streets are built mainly from the soil at hand.

Soil interpretations for local roads and streets are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Scope: National

Soil properties and qualities that affect local roads and streets are those that influence the ease of excavation and grading and the traffic-supporting capacity.  The properties and qualities that affect the ease of excavation and grading are hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, depth to a water table, flooding, the amount of large stones, and slope.  The properties that affect traffic-supporting capacity are soil strength as inferred from the AASHTO group index and the Unified classification, subsidence, shrink-swell behavior, potential frost action, and depth to the seasonal high water table.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts installation of small buildings and roads or streets. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
	
	4.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Frost action: Frost heaving can cause roadbeds to shift and paving to crack.  Soil feature considered is frost action.
	
	Property used: POTENTIAL FROST ACTION (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	= ""high""  
		Somewhat Limiting 	= ""moderate""
		Not limiting		all others
		
	Null frost action values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and provides a limitation for the installation of  small buildings and roads or streets. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.  This property is modified by a multiplication factor of .5 to reduce the limitation below that of hard bedrock.  

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Shrink-swell:  Excessive shrink-swell in the thickest layer between 25 and 100cm deep can cause building foundations to shift, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is percent linear extensibility of the thickest layer between a depth of 10 to 40 inches or above bedrock.

	Property used: SHRINK-SWELL THICKEST LAYER 25-100cm OR ABOVE ROCK (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 6%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 3% to <= 6%
		Not limiting		 < 3%
		
	Null linear extensibility is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	10. Low strength: Soils with high AASHTO Group Index have low strength which affects the soil's traffic-supporting capacity.  This condition is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic.  Soil feature considered is the AASHTO Group Index of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 100cm or above a cemented restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: AASHTO GROUP INDEX NUMBER THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 10-40 in. (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5 to < 8
		Not limiting		=< 5
			
	Null AASHTO Group Index values are assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by 90%.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated.
	
	11. Depth to thick cemented pan: Depth to thick cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Depth to thin cemented pan: Depth to thin cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer less then or equal to 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Subsidence: Soils with high subsidence can cause building and road foundations to shift or collapse, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is total subsidence.
	
	Property used: SUBSIDENCE TOTAL (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	=> 30cm
		Not limiting	 < 30cm
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	14. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 30cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 75cm
		Not limiting		=> 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	15.  Unstable fill:  Soils that are reconstructed because of land reclamation practices can cause differential settlement.  These areas of differential settlement are difficult to identify and are typically destructive to engineering infrastructure.  Soil feature considered is the component local phase.
	
	Property used: COMPONENT LOCAL PHASE
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting             = ""unstable fill""
		Not limiting	 not = ""unstable fill""
	
	Null local phase is assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/08/2010 12:56:02|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805452"
"OR067"|"ENG - Sanitary Landfill (Area)"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as ""Sanitary Landfill (Area)"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Sanitary Landfill (Area)"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Sanitary landfill (area) is a solid-waste disposal practice where successive layers of refuse are placed on the soil surface.  The waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil that is imported from a source away from the site.  A final cover of soil at least 2 feet thick is placed over the completed landfill.   Properties and qualities that influence trafficability and risk of pollution are the important considerations for area sanitary landfills.

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or floodwater.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Flooding is a serious problem because of the risk of washouts and pollution downstream and the difficulty of moving trucks in and out of flooded areas.  Permeability of the soil is an important consideration in all but the most arid parts of the country.  If permeability is too rapid or if fractured bedrock or a fractured cemented pan is close to the surface, the risk of contaminating the water supply by leachate is great.  A high water table may also transmit pollutants to the water supply and is likely to restrict truck movement during wet seasons.  

Slope is a consideration because of the extra grading required to maintain roads on sloping soils.  Furthermore, leachate may flow along the soil surface on sloping soils and cause difficult seepage problems in completed fills.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Seepage:  The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat between a depth of 50 to 100 cm.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  
	
	Property used: PERMEABILITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 50-100cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 => 14.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		  < 14.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when area landfills are installed.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 


	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when area landfills are installed.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	8.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 180cm
		Not limiting		=> 180cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE PERCHED MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 45cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 45 to <= 90cm
		Not limiting		 > 90cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/08/2010 12:56:02|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805422"
"OR067"|"ENG - Sanitary Landfill (Trench)"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as "" Sanitary Landfill (Trench)"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the "" Sanitary Landfill (Trench)"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Sanitary landfill (trench) is a method of disposing solid waste by placing refuse in successive layers in an excavated trench.  The waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil that is excavated from the trench.  When the trench is full, a final cover of soil material at least 2 feet thick is placed over the landfill.

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or floodwater.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Ratings are based on properties and qualities to the depth normally observed during soil mapping (approximately 5 or 6 feet).  However, because trenches may be as deep as 15 feet or more, geologic investigations are needed to determine the potential for pollution of ground water as well as to determine the design needed.  These investigations, which are generally arranged by the landfill developer, include the examination of stratification, rock formations, and geologic conditions that might lead to the conducting of leachates to aquifers, wells, watercourses, and other water sources.  The presence of hard, nonrippable bedrock, bedrock crevices, or highly permeable strata in or immediately underlying the proposed trench bottom is undesirable because of the difficulty in excavation and the potential pollution of underground water.

Properties that influence the risk of pollution, ease of excavation, trafficability, and revegetation are major considerations.  Soils that flood or have a water table within the depth of excavation present a potential pollution hazard and are difficult to excavate.  Slope is an important consideration because it affects the work involved in road construction, the performance of the roads, and the control of surface water around the landfill.  It may also cause difficulty in constructing trenches for which the trench bottom must be kept level and oriented to follow the contour.

The ease with which the trench is dug and with which a soil can be used as daily and final covers is based largely on texture and consistence of the soil.  The texture and consistence of a soil determine the degree of workability of the soil both when dry and when wet.  Soils that are plastic and sticky when wet are difficult to excavate, grade, or compact and difficult to place as a uniformly thick cover over a layer of refuse.  The uppermost part of the final cover should be soil material that is favorable for the growth of plants.  It should not contain excess sodium or salt and should not be too acid.  In comparison with other horizons, the A horizon in most soils has the best workability and the highest content of organic matter.  Thus, for a trench-type landfill operation it may be desirable to stockpile the surface layer for use in the final blanketing of the fill.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Depth to thick/thin cemented pan: Depth to thick or thin cemented pan may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when landfills are installed.   Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. If pan thickness is < 46cm then the rating is reduced by half.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to spread and compact.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes and is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic.  Soil feature considered is the first or rv USDA texture of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 180cm or above a restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		C, SiC
		Somewhat limiting	CL, SiCL, SC
		Not limiting		All others
			
	Null USDA textures are assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by .5.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated.
	
	
	3.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 25 and 180cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 180 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm Wt. Ave. 0-180cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25% to < 50%
		Not limiting		=< 25%
		
	Null FRAGMENTS > 75mm are assigned Not rated.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Too acid: Soils with low pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the minimum (pH) of the soil layers.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER (Minimum) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	8.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest salinity (electrical conductivity) for all horizons.
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		<= 16 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Too Sandy: Sandy soils may slump and are droughty, making establishments of vegetative cover difficult.  Soil feature considered is the first or rv USDA texture of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 180cm or above a cemented restrictive layer.
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		= ""cos"" or ""s"" or ""fs"" or ""vfs"" or ""sg""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""lcos"" or ""ls"" or ""lfs"" or ""lvfs""
		Not limiting		All others
			
	Null USDA textures are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Seepage:  The soil's bottom layer Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids through the soil and underlying materials is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the Ksat of the bottom layer or the layer immediately above bedrock.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  
	
	Property used: KSAT BOTTOM HORIZON (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 => 14.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		  < 14.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	12. Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. These soils may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when trench landfills are installed. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 182cm
		Not limiting		=> 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	14. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Not limiting		<= 13 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 180cm
		Not limiting		=> 180cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE PERCHED MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 60cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 60 to <= 120cm
		Not limiting		 > 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/08/2010 12:56:02|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805392"
"OR067"|"ENG - Septic Tank Absorption Fields"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as ""Septic Tank Absorption Fields"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Septic Tank Absorption Fields"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.  

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Septic tank absorption fields are subsurface systems of tile or perforated pipe that distribute effluent from a septic tank into the natural soil.  The centerline depth of the tile is assumed to be 24 inches or deeper.  Only the soil between depths of 24 and 60 inches is considered in making the ratings.  Soil properties and site features considered are those that affect the absorption of the effluent, those that affect the construction and maintenance of the system, and those that may affect public health.

Scope: National

Farm and ranch homesteads, outbuildings, and recreational facilities require a means to safely dispose of effluent.  Septic Tank Absorption Field interpretations are a tool for guiding the user in site selection for safe disposal of household effluent.  The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage to the soil surface, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or flood water.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Soil properties and qualities that affect the absorption of the effluent are permeability, depth to a seasonal high water table, depth to bedrock, depth to a cemented pan, and susceptibility to flooding.  Stones and boulders and a shallow depth to bedrock, ice, or a cemented pan interfere with installation.  Subsidence interferes with installation and maintenance.  Excessive slope may cause lateral seepage and surfacing of the effluent in down-slope areas.  In addition, soil erosion is a hazard where absorption fields are installed in steep soils.
 
Some soils are underlain by loose sand and gravel or fractured bedrock at a depth less than 4 feet below the distribution lines.  In these soils, the absorption field may not adequately filter the effluent, particularly when the system is new; consequently, ground water supplies may be contaminated.
 
Percolation tests are used by some regulatory agencies to evaluate the suitability of a soil for septic tank absorption fields.  These tests should be performed during the season when the water table is highest and the soil is at minimum absorptive capacity.
 
1/ U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, l969 Manual of Septic Tanks, PHS Publication No. 526, p. 8.
 
2/ Bouma, J.  l974.  New Concepts in Soil Survey Interpretations for Onsite Disposal of Septic Tank Effluent.
 

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1. Filtering capacity: The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids through the soil is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat between a depth of 60 to 150cm or to the depth of a cemented restrictive feature.
	
	Property used: KSAT HIGHEST MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER 24 to 60 (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 > 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=< 42.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.  
	
	2. Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3. Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
		Null FRAGMENTS > 75mm are assigned Not rated.
	
	4. Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is impeded and runoff, infiltration, and percolation of pollutants may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer deeper then 60 cm and above a restrictive layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER >60  (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 < 10.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	=> 10.0 and <= 40.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		 > 40.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5. Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class. 
	
	6. Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class. 
	
	7. Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of septic tank adsorption fields and other site applications.  Shallow soils have limited adsorptive capacity and biologically active zones through with waste materials can percolate.  These soils may pose environmental and health risks when used as filter fields.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 100 to < 182cm
		Not limiting		=> 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class. 
	
	8. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of septic tank adsorption fields and other site applications.  Shallow soils have limited adsorptive capacity and biologically active zones through with waste materials can percolate.  These soils may pose environmental and health risks when used as filter fields.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 100 to < 182cm
		Not limiting		=> 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class. 
	
	9. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated. 
	
	10. Subsidence: Soils with high subsidence can cause septic tanks and septic tank adsorption fields to shift or collapse.  Soil feature considered is total subsidence.
	
	Property used: SUBSIDENCE TOTAL (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	=> 60cm
		Not limiting	 < 60cm
			
	Null values are assigned to the Not limiting class. 
	
	11. Depth to saturated zone:  Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 120cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 120 to < 180cm
		Not limiting		=> 180cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	12. Seepage:  The soil's bottom layer Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids through the soil and underlying materials is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the Ksat of the bottom layer or the layer immediately above bedrock.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  (added for testing 7/2004) 
	
	Property used: KSAT BOTTOM HORIZON (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 => 14.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		  < 14.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
		
	13.  Unstable fill:  Soils that are reconstructed because of land reclamation practices can cause differential settlement.  These areas of differential settlement are difficult to identify and are typically destructive to engineering infrastructure.  Soil feature considered is the component local phase.
	
	Property used: COMPONENT LOCAL PHASE
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting             = ""unstable fill""
		Not limiting	 not = ""unstable fill""
	
	Null local phase is assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/08/2010 12:56:02|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805407"
"OR067"|"ENG - Sewage Lagoons"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as ""Sewage Lagoons"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Sewage Lagoons"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the wastes.  Lagoons have a nearly level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments of compacted, relatively impervious soil material.  Relatively impervious soil for the lagoon floor and sides is desirable to minimize seepage and contamination of local ground water.  

Scope: National

Farm and ranch homesteads, outbuildings, and recreational facilities require a means to safely dispose of effluent. Sewage lagoons interpretations are a tool for guiding the user in site selection for safe disposal of liquid effluent.  The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or flood water.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Soil permeability is a critical property in evaluating a soil for sewage lagoons.  Most porous soils will eventually seal when being used for a sewage lagoon.  Until they do, however, the hazard of pollution is severe.  Soils that have a permeability rate that exceeds 2 inches per hour generally are too porous for the proper operation of sewage lagoons and may cause contamination.  Fractured bedrock within a depth of 40 inches may create a pollution hazard.  Bedrock and cemented pans create construction problems.

Slope must be gentle enough and the soil material must be thick enough over bedrock or a cemented pan to make smoothing practical so that the lagoon is uniformly deep throughout.

If floodwater overtops the lagoon, it interferes with the functioning of the lagoon and carries away polluting sewage before sufficient decomposition has taken place.  Ordinarily, soils susceptible to flooding have a severe limitation for sewage lagoons.  If floodwater velocities are slow and flooding is rarely deep enough to overtop the lagoon embankment, the susceptibility to flooding does not constitute a severe limitation rating.

Soils that contain a large amount of organic matter are not suitable for the floor of an aerobic lagoon.  The organic matter promotes an anaerobic rather than aerobic environment.

Depth to water table is important if it influences the water level in the lagoon.  If it does, a pollution hazard exists.  Sometimes depth to water table is disregarded if the lagoon floor is of slowly permeable soil material that is at least 4 feet thick.  Soils that contain excess rock fragments greater than 3 inches are undesirable sites because the fragments interfere with the manipulation and compaction needed to prepare the lagoon floor. 

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation and restricts the installation of basements, shallow excavations, and lagoons.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil in Unified class ol or oh are not as restrictive and their interpretive rating is reduce 50%.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of all soil layers and the most restrictive condition is reported.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= pt
		Somewhat limiting	= ol or oh
		Not limiting		not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.  

	AND
	
	Property used: USDA SURFACE TEXTURE LAYER
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Limiting       	= ""MPM, SPM, HPM""
		Limiting		not = ""MPM, SPM, HPM""
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons between a depth of 0 to 50 cm.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-50CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 35%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 20% to <= 35%
		Not limiting		< 20%
		
		Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
		
		5.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Seepage:  The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat between a depth of 30 to 150 cm, excluding the surface layer.
	
	Property used: PERMEABILITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 30-150cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 > 14.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	=> 4.0 and <= 14.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		 < 4.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of the installed application.  Shallow soils are also difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits construction, installation, and functioning of sewage lagoons.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Slope:  Steep slopes impede site preparation and construction and restrict lagoon size and shape.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 7%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 2 and < 7%
		Not limiting		=< 2%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	11. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 105cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 105 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

AND NOT

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE PERCHED MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 45cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 45 to =< 90cm
		Not limiting		 > 90cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/08/2010 12:56:02|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805479"
"OR067"|"ENG - Shallow Excavations"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as ""Shallow Excavations"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Shallow Excavations"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug in the soil to a maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet.  They are used for pipelines, sewer lines, telephone and power transmission lines, basements, open ditches, grave sites, etc.  The excavations are most commonly made by trenching machines or backhoes.

Scope: National

Soil properties influence the development of building and construction sites, including the selection of the site, the design of the structure, construction, performance, and after construction maintenance.  The soil interpretations for shallow excavations are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Ratings are based on the soil properties that influence ease of digging and resistance to sloughing.  Depth to bedrock or cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, and the amount of large stones influence the ease of digging, filling, and compacting.  Depth to the seasonal high water table and flooding may restrict the period when excavations can be made.  Slope influences the ease of using machinery.  Soil texture and depth to water table influence the resistance to sloughing.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to spread and compact.  Soil feature considered is the maximum percent clay between 50 and 180cm.
		
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT IN DEPTH 50-180CM (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>= 60%
		Somewhat limiting	> 40 to < 60%
		Not limiting		<= 40%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Unstable  Excavation Walls: If soil texture is silt or texture group is sandy or texture modifier is sandy or gravelly or soil order is Vertisols then excavation walls have a high potential to cave in.  This tendency is true for all soils but to a lesser degree and the interpretive model is designed to give a rating no less then .1 ""Somewhat limiting"".  Extreme care and caution should be used around excavation walls to protect from cave in injury or death.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture modifier and class of each layer and taxonomic order.
	
	Property used: USDA GROUP-CLASS IN DEPTH 50-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		matches ""*S *"" or matches ""*S"" or matches ""GR*"" or matches ""* GR""
		Somewhat limiting	all other USDA textures other then silt
		
	Null USDA Texture modifier is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	OR
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE IN DEPTH 50-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting 	""SI"" set at .5
					all other textures set at .1
		Not limiting		none
		
	Null USDA Texture class is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
OR

	Property used: TAXONOMIC ORDER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 = ""vertisols""
		Not limiting	not = ""vertisols""
		
	Null Taxonomic Order is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Dense layer:  Shallow depth to layers with high bulk density are diffucult to revegetate and reclaim.  These layers have low available water capacity and percolation rates.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first soil layer where high bulk density is greater then 1.8.

	Property used: High Bulk Density 50 to 150cm (20-60"") (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation and restricts the installation of basements, shallow excavations, and lagoons.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Flooding: Soil that floods have limitation on the use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"" or ""frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the soil layers between 50 and 150cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED 50-150cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
		Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
		
		8.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support small buildings with basements. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	12. Depth to thick cemented pan: Depth to thick cemented pan limit site preparation and restricts the installation of basements, shallow excavations, and lagoons.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	13. Depth to thin cemented pan: Depth to thin cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer less then or equal to 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	
	14. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 75cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 75 to < 182cm
		Not limiting		=> 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|11/20/2009 12:10:14|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805450"
"OR067"|"ENG - Small Commercial Buildings"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Small Commercial Buildings"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Small Commercial Buildings"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Small commercial buildings are those buildings that are less than three stories without basements.  The foundation is assumed to be spread footings of reinforced concrete at a depth of 2 feet or at the depth of maximum frost penetration, whichever is deeper. 

Scope: National

Soil properties influence the development of building and construction sites, including the selection of the site, the design of the structure, construction, performance, and after construction maintenance.  The soil interpretations for small commercial buildings are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Ratings are based on properties and qualities affecting the capacity of the soil to support a load without movement and those that affect excavation and construction costs.  The properties and qualities affecting load-supporting capacity without movement are presence of a high water table, flooding, and the shrink-swell behavior and compressibility of the soils.  Compressibility is inferred from the Unified classification.  Properties influencing the ease and amount of excavation are flooding, a high water table, slope, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, and the amount and size of coarse fragments.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts installation of small buildings and roads or streets. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Soil that floods limit the installation and function for building site applications.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very rare"" or ""rare"" or ""occasional"" or ""frequent"" or ""very frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 25 and 100cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-100cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
	
	5.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of  small buildings and roads or streets. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Shrink-swell:  Excessive shrink-swell in the thickest layer between 25 and 100cm deep can cause building foundations to shift, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is percent linear extensibility of the thickest layer between a depth of 10 to 40 inches or above bedrock.

	Property used: SHRINK-SWELL THICKEST LAYER 25-100cm OR ABOVE ROCK (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 6%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 3% to <= 6%
		Not limiting		 < 3%
		
	Null linear extensibility is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Slope:  Steep slopes affect the design and function of installed systems and facilities.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4 and < 8%
		Not limiting		=< 4%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	10. Depth to thick cemented pan: Depth to thick cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Depth to thin cemented pan: Depth to thin cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer less then or equal to 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Subsidence: Soils with high subsidence can cause building and road foundations to shift or collapse, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is total subsidence.
	
	Property used: SUBSIDENCE TOTAL (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	=> 30cm
		Not limiting	 < 30cm
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 43cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 43 to <= 75cm
		Not limiting		 > 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	14.  Unstable fill:  Soils that are reconstructed because of land reclamation practices can cause differential settlement.  These areas of differential settlement are difficult to identify and are typically destructive to engineering infrastructure.  Soil feature considered is the component local phase.
	
	Property used: COMPONENT LOCAL PHASE
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting             = ""unstable fill""
		Not limiting	 not = ""unstable fill""
	
	Null local phase is assigned to the Not limiting class."|10/30/2009 12:37:44|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805439"
"OR067"|"FOR - Construction Limitations for Haul Roads/Log Landings"|"limitation"|"FOR - CONSTRUCTION LIMITATIONS FOR HAUL ROADS/LOG LANDINGS
----------------------------------------------------------
 
Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

Ratings reflect limitations for constructing haul roads and log landings.

Ratings assess:

* Earth moving activities to meet standards and specifications for haul roads and log landings.

* Excavating, removal and shaping of native soil materials to develop haul roads and log landings for forest harvesting and other management activities.  

* Cuts and fills less than 10 feet in depth.

* The use of bladed crawler tractors, excavators, graders and other primary construction equipment.

* Year-round water tables, year-round ponding and permafrost.

* Frequency and duration of flooding.

Ratings assume:

* Construction activities occur during customary periods of such work for the local area.  

* Roads are up to one mile in length with up to a 20-foot running surface.

Ratings do no assess:

* Snow-covered soils.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Slight - Little or no limitations to construction activities.

* Moderate - One or more limitations that cause some difficulty.

* Severe - One or more limitations that make road or log landing construction very difficult or more costly."|10/21/2009 10:44:44|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805409"
"OR067"|"FOR - Hand Planting Suitability"|"limitation"|"FOR - HAND PLANTING SUITABILITY
-------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

* Ratings indicate the expected difficulty of hand planting.

Ratings assess:

* Activities that include the proper placement of the root systems of tree and shrub seedlings to a depth of up to 12.

* The use of bareroot stock, tublings, containerized stock and cuttings.

* The use of spades, dibbles, planting bars or other similar planting tools.

* Year-round water tables and year-round ponding.

Ratings assume:

* Necessary site preparation is completed before hand planting.

* Planting activities occur during customary periods of such work for the local area.

Ratings do not assess:

* Non-soil obstacles, e.g., slash.

* Human-held powered equipment such as power augers.

* Human-caused compacted layers from harvesting or other site activities (only natural restrictive layers are considered).

* Frozen or snow-covered soils.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Well Suited - Little or no restrictions to hand planting; planting rates are not affected.

* Moderately Suited - One or more restrictions that impede planting and reduce planting rates.

* Poorly suited - One or more restrictions that severely impede planting and reduce planting.

* Unsuited - Site factors and features prevent the proper planting of seedlings."|05/01/2009 07:57:06|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805405"
"OR067"|"FOR - Harvest Equipment Operability"|"limitation"|"FOR - HARVEST EQUIPMENT OPERABILITY
-----------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

The suitability for operating harvesting equipment.

Ratings assess:

* The off-road transport or harvest of logs and/or wood products by ground-based wheeled or tracked equipment.

* The use of standard rubber-tire skidders and bulldozers used for ground-based harvesting and transport.

* Activities that disturb from 35 to 75 percent of the surface area with rutting, puddling or displacement up to a depth of 18.
 
* Year-round water tables and year-round ponding.

Ratings assume:

* Activities occur during customary periods of such work for the local area.  

Ratings do not assess:

* Non-soil obstacles, e.g., slash.

* Frozen or snow-covered soils.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Well Suited- Little or no restrictions to equipment operability.

* Moderately Suited - One or more restrictions reduce the effective and safe use of equipment.

* Poorly suited - One or more restrictions make the use of equipment impractical or unsafe."|10/21/2009 10:36:19|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805420"
"OR067"|"FOR - Log Landing Suitability (OR)"|"limitation"|"FOR - LOG LANDING SUITABILITY
----------------------------- 
 
Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria. This interpretation is modified for use in ID,OR,WA.

Description:

The suitability of the soil at the forest site to serve as a log landing.

Ratings assess:

* Efficient and effective use of equipment for the temporary storage and handling of logs.

* The use of grappel hooks, skidders, trucks, loaders, cable yarders and other similar equipment.

* Activities that disturb 100 percent of the soil surface area with rutting, puddling or displacement up to a depth of 18.

* The landscape in its natural setting.

* Frequency and duration of flooding, ponding and depth and duration of water table.

Ratings assume:

* Vegetation and debris is cleared from an area sufficient in size for the  road or landing before use begins.  

Ratings do no assess:

* Non-soil obstacles, e.g., slash.

* Frozen or snow-covered soil.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Suited - Little or no restrictions to road or log landing suitability.

* Moderately Suited - One or more restrictions reduce site suitability.

* Poorly suited - One or more restrictions generally make the use of the site for a landing very difficult or unsafe."|10/21/2009 10:36:19|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805390"
"OR067"|"FOR - Mechanical Planting Suitability"|"limitation"|"FOR - MECHCANICAL PLANTING SUITABILITY
--------------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

* The difficulty of planting trees or shrubs using a mechanical planter.

Ratings assess:

* Activities that include the proper placement of the root systems of tree and shrub seedlings to a depth of up to 12.

* The use of bareroot stock, tublings, containerized stock and cuttings.

* Year-round water tables and year-round ponding.

* The use of mechanical planters that create narrow furrows or trenches to a depth of 12 and are operated on the contour or cross-slope.

* The use of mechanical planters on a 3-point hitch with coulter, shank or trench shoe and packing wheel pulled by sufficiently powered equipment.

Ratings assume:

* Planting activities occur during customary periods of such work for the local area.

* Necessary site preparation is completed before mechanical planting.

Ratings do not assess:

* Non-soil obstacles, e.g., slash.

* Human-caused compacted layers from harvesting or other site activities (only natural restrictive layers are considered).
 
* Frozen or snow-covered soils.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Well Suited - Little or no restrictions to mechanical planting; planting rates are not affected.

* Moderately Suited - One or more restrictions that impede planting and reduce planting rates.

* Poorly Suited - One or more restrictions that severely impede planting and reduce planting rates.

* Unsuited - Site factors and features prevent mechanical planting of seedlings."|10/21/2009 10:09:56|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805437"
"OR067"|"FOR - Mechanical Site Preparation (Deep)"|"limitation"|"FOR - MECHANICAL SITE PREPARATION (DEEP)
----------------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

* Ratings indicate the suitability of using deep soil tillage equipment.

Ratings assess:

* Activities that include subsoiling, ripping and other subsurface soil disturbance across the slope.

* Activities that treat up to 50 to 75 percent of the site to 36 in depth to break up restrictive or compacted layers and increase infiltration for plant growth.

* Features and characteristics from the surface to 36 in depth.
The use of rippers, subsoilers and other implements pulled by bulldozers (D8 or equivalent) that till at a depth greater than 12.

* Year-round water tables and year-round ponding.

Ratings assume:

* Activities occur during customary periods of such work for the local area.

Ratings do not assess:

* Non-soil obstacles, e.g., slash.

* Human-caused compacted layers from harvesting or other site activities (only natural restrictive layers are considered).

* Frozen or snow-covered soils.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Suited - Little or no restrictions to deep mechanical site preparation.

* Poorly Suited - One or more restrictions reduce the effective and safe use of equipment.

* Unsuited - One or more restrictions generally prevent a sufficient level of deep mechanical site preparation."|05/01/2009 07:57:06|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805477"
"OR067"|"FOR - Mechanical Site Preparation (Surface)"|"limitation"|"FOR - MECHANICAL SITE PREPARATION (SURFACE) 
-------------------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

Ratings indicate the suitability of using surface-altering soil tillage equipment.

Ratings Assess:

* Activities that include modifying the soil surface to prepare the site for planting or seeding.

* Activities that treat up to 50 to 75 percent of the site to 12 in depth. Features and characteristics from the surface to 12 in depth. The use of brush rakes, chisels, disks and other similar types of implements pulled by bulldozers or tractors (D6/D7, 150 h.p. tractor or equivalent).

* Year-round water tables and year-round ponding.

Ratings Assume:

* Activities for such work occur during customary periods for the local area.

Ratings do not assess:

* Non-soil obstacles, e.g., slash.

* Human-caused compacted layers from harvesting or other site activities (only natural restrictive layers are considered).

* Frozen or snow-covered soils.

Ratings:

* Suited - Little or no restrictions to surface mechanical site preparation.

* Poorly Suited - One or more restrictions reduce the effective and safe use of equipment.

* Unsuited - One or more restrictions generally prevent the effective and safe use of equipment."|10/21/2009 10:17:16|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805448"
"OR067"|"FOR - Potential Erosion Hazard (Off-Road/Off-Trail)"|"limitation"|"FOR - POTENTIAL EROSION HAZARD (OFF-ROAD/OFF-TRAIL)
---------------------------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

Ratings indicate the hazard or risk of soil loss from off-road and off-trail areas after disturbance activities that expose the soil surface.

Ratings assess:

* Sheet and rill erosion from exposed soil surfaces caused by various silvicultural practices, grazing, mining, fire, firebreaks, etc.

* Activities that disturb the site resulting in 50 to 75 percent bare ground in the affected area
 
* The use of any equipment type or size and uncontrolled grazing by livestock.

Ratings assume:

* 50 to 75% exposed, roughened mineral surface layer

Ratings do not assess:

* Clean tillage and other similar activities that disturb up to nearly 100 percent of the area and change the character of the soil
 
* Histosols.
 
* Individual precipitation or storm events.
 
* The impact of gully erosion.
 
* Sediment production/delivery ratio or streambank or streambed erosion for water courses on the site.  
 
* Ground disturbing activities on the amount of surface or subsurface water runoff.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* None - There is no erosion hazard associated with this activity.

* Slight - Erosion is unlikely under ordinary climatic conditions.

* Moderate - Some erosion is likely; control measures may be needed.

* Severe - Erosion is very likely; control measures for vegetation re-establishment on bare areas and structural measures are advised.

* Very Severe - Significant erosion is expected; loss of soil productivity and off-site damages are likely; control measures are costly and generally impractical."|05/01/2009 07:57:06|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805418"
"OR067"|"FOR - Potential Erosion Hazard (Road/Trail)"|"limitation"|"FOR - POTENTIAL EROSION HAZARD (ROAD/TRAIL)
-------------------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

The hazard or risk of soil loss from unsurfaced roads/trails.  Refer to the National Forestry Manual for soil rating criteria.

Ratings assess:

* The force that natural precipitation events have to dislodge and move soil materials on roads/trails and firebreaks.
 
* Activities on roads and trails that result in bare ground, compaction, and reshaping of the soil surface.

* Use by trucks, skidders, off-road vehicles and other similar equipment.

* The impact on compacted, bare road/trail surface using the representative value for slope gradient of the soil component

Ratings assume:

* Roads and trails are generally linear, continuous, and narrow ranging up to 25 feet in width.

Ratings do not assess:

* Frozen or snow-covered soil.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* No Erosion Hazard - There is no erosion hazard associated with this activity.

* Slight - Little or no erosion is likely.

* Moderate - Some erosion is likely; occasional maintenance may be needed; simple erosion control measures needed.

* Severe - Significant erosion can be expected; roads require frequent maintenance; costly erosion control measures are needed"|05/01/2009 07:57:06|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805433"
"OR067"|"FOR - Potential Fire Damage Hazard"|"limitation"|"FOR - POTENTIAL FIRE DAMAGE HAZARD
-------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

The potential hazard of damage to soil nutrient, physical, and biotic characteristics from fire. 

Ratings assess:

* The impact of fires (prescribed or wildfire) of moderate fireline intensity (116-520 btu's/sec/ft) that provide the necessary heat to remove the duff layer and consume soil organic matter in the surface layer. 

Ratings assume:

* Soils with a shallow surface layer lack the capacity to safely absorb the effects of fire.
 
* Steep slopes are more likely to erode if the protective duff layer is removed.

* Soil texture and rock fragment content relate to soil erodibility, vegetative recovery rate, and vegetative productivity.
 
* Medium textured soils, with their greater inherent water holding capacity, aaare more likely to be cooler and provide higher productivty potential
 
*Soils with large volumes of rock fragments transmit heat to a greater depth in a shorter period of time.
 
* Soils with less than 2 percent organic matter are more resistant to sheet and rill erosion and have greater water holding capacity.
 
Ratings do not assess:

* The time of year in which the fire occurs (winter versus summer).
 
* Fuel moisture content or volume.
 
* Whether conditions
 
Rating Classes (Crisp):

*None - No impact to the soil characteristis are expected. 

* Low - Little negative impact to the soil characteristics are expected.

* Moderate - Negative impacts to the soil characteristic may occur.

* High - Negative impact to the soil characteristics are expected."|01/05/2010 10:13:38|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805403"
"OR067"|"FOR - Potential Seedling Mortality"|"limitation"|"FOR - POTENTIAL SEEDLING MORTALITY
---------------------------------------- 
 
Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

The likelihood of death of naturally or artificially propagated tree seedlings, as influenced by soil characteristic, physiographic features and climatic conditions.

Ratings assess:

* The impact of soil, physiographic, and climatic conditions on the survivability of newly established tree seedlings

Ratings assume:

* Site preparation is adequate for the establishment of tree seedlings.

* Artificially propagated tree seedlings are of adequate size and     quality, are adapted to the site, are planted during a time           sufficient to assure initial root growth with respect to moisture and temperature, and proper planting techniques are employed.

* Near normal monthly and yearly climatic conditions.

Ratings do no assess:

* Effects of overstory tree canopy greater than 15 feet in height.

* Effects of adjacent competing plants less than 15 feet in height.

* Effects of seedling pests (rodent, herbivore, insect, etc.).
 
Rating Classes (Crisp):

Low - Seedlings are expected to develop normally and become established.

Moderate - Root development is sufficiently retarded to cause death of some seedlings (up to 1 in 3) and establishment of surviving seedlings is delayed.

High - Seedlings are not expected to survive (at least 2 in 3 die) without special treatment or management."|05/01/2009 07:57:06|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805475"
"OR067"|"FOR - Road Suitability (Natural Surface) (OR)"|"limitation"|"FOR - ROAD SUITABILITY (NATURAL SURFACE)
---------------------------------------- 
 
Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria. This interpretation is used for use in ID,OR,WA.

Description:

Suitability for using the natural surface of the soil component for roads by trucks for the transport of logs and other wood products from the site.

Ratings assess:

* The efficient and safe transport of forest products from the site.

* The landscape in its natural setting.
 
* Frequency and duration of flooding, ponding and depth and duration of water table.

* The use of trucks (1/2-ton to log-transport capability).

* Activities that disturb 100 percent of the soil surface area with rutting, puddling or displacement up to a depth of 18.

Ratings assume:

* Vegetation and debris is cleared from an area sufficient in width for the road before use begins.  

* Using the natural setting of the soil without cut and fill construction.  

* Slopes are less than 20 percent gradient. 

* Use occurs during customary periods of such activity for the local area.

* Roads are generally less than 1 mile in length with up to a 20-foot wide running surface.

Ratings do no assess:

* Non-soil obstacles, e.g., slash.

* Frozen or snow-covered soils.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Suited - Little or no restrictions to natural road suitability.

* Moderately Suited - One or more restrictions reduce site suitability.

* Poorly Suited - One or more restrictions generally make the use of the site for a natural road very difficult or unsafe."|10/21/2009 10:36:19|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805465"
"OR067"|"FOR - Soil Rutting Hazard"|"limitation"|"FOR - SOIL RUTTING HAZARD
-------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

Ratings indicate the hazard or risk of ruts in the uppermost soil surface layers by operation of forest equipment.  Soil displacement and puddling (soil deformation and compaction) may occur simultaneously with rutting.

Ratings assess:

* The operation of equipment on forest sites (3-10 passes) when the soil moisture is near field capacity.

* The use of standard rubber-tired vehicles (non-flotation tires).
 
* Year-long water tables < 12.
* Soil displacement and puddling which may affect aesthetics, groundwater hydrology, and productivity of the site.

Ratings assume:

* Rutting depths usually range from 2 to 24 and depends, in part, on the weight of equipment (including carried or pulled loads) and shape and size of wheels.

* Lack of organic/vegetation surface cover.

* Conditions occurs on soil with slopes and other characteristics that allow use of ground-based equipment.

Ratings do not assess:

* Impacts of rutting on sloping sites that may channel surface water and affect hydrology.

* Frozen soil within 24 of the surface.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Slight - Little or no rutting.

* Moderate - Ruts are likely.

* Severe- Ruts readily."|01/05/2010 10:22:48|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805435"
"OR067"|"GRL - Fencing, Post Depth =<24 inches"|"limitation"|"FENCING:
        1. Fencing is the construction and maintenance of barriers for the management of animals and people.  Fences are constructed using metal or wooden posts.  This rule was developed for conditions where the posts are set to a depth of 2 feet or less into the soil with strands of wire suspended between the posts.
 
        2. The guide, as shown in the Table below, is used to rate the ease of setting posts, maintaining the wire tension, and estimating the replacement and maintenance cost.  Excavations for wooden posts are made by power auger or hand dug, metal posts are driven into the soil.
 
        3. Bedrock, cemented pan, and large and small stones influence the excavation of post holes and the driving of posts.  Flooding and depth to a seasonal high water table may restrict the season of construction.  Flooding also affects maintenance and replacement cost.  High water tables raise the maintenance cost and require deeper post settings.  High shrink-swell soils require deep post settings or rock jacks to maintain vertical post alignment.  Setting posts in permanently frozen soil may cause lose of the insulation qualities of the soil and result in thermokarst topography.  Post alignment and maintaining the desired wire tension are often difficult on sandy soils due to their low strength.  Soil blowing causes maintenance problems.  Frost action results in frost-heaving of the posts.  Steep slopes affect the use power augers and the delivery of supplies.  During the wet seasons surface creep on steep slopes increases maintenance.  Soil reaction and salinity affect the type of post selected and maintenance costs.
 
         
 
Table of Criteria for Fencing:

                            		 LIMITS

RATING CRITERIA 		WELL            		POORLY  	RESTRICTIVE
	OR PROPERTY     	SUITED   	SUITED 		SUITED          FEATURE
 
1.      USDA TEXTURE     	---     	---    		ICE     	PERMAFROST 

1a.     TEXTURE (WEIGHT  	---     	---    		SC, SIC, C      TOO CLAYEY
        AVE. 0-24"")
 
1b.     TEXTURE (WEIGHT AV.      ---    	SC, SIC, C       ---    	TOO CLAYEY
        0-24"", KAOLINITIC
        MINERALOGY AND
        OXIC SUBGROUPS,
        AND OXISOLS AND
        UDIC MOISTURE
        REGIME)
 
1c.     TEXTURE (WEIGHT  	---    LS, LCOS, VFS,  COS, S, 			TOO SANDY
        AV. 0-24"")              	LFS, LVFS       FS
 
2.      FLOODING        	NONE, RARE      OCCAS   	FREQ    	FLOODING
 
3.      DEPTH TO BEDROCK         ---     	---    		<24""     	DEPTH TO ROCK
        (HARD OR SOFT, IN)
 
4.      DEPTH TO CEMENTED        ---     	---    		<24""     	CEMENTED PAN
        PAN (IN)
 

5.      WEIGHT PERCENT  	<25     	25-50   	>50     	TOO GRAVELLY
        2 mm-<3"" (0-24"")
 
5a.     WEIGHT PERCENT  	<25     	25-50   	>50     	TOO COBBLY
        3-10"" (0-24"")	
  
5b.     WEIGHT PERCENT  	<5      	5-15    	>15     	TOO STONY
        >10"" (0-24"")
 
6.      SHRINK-SWELL     	---     	---   		 >6      	SHRINK-SWELL
        THICKEST LAYER
        0-24"", LE (PCT)


7.      PONDING  		---     	---      	+     		PONDING
 
8.      DEPTH TO HIGH   	>2.0     	---    		<2.0    	WETNESS
        WATER TABLE (FT)
 
9.      SLOPE (PCT)     	<8      	8-15    	>15     	SLOPE
 
10.     POTENTIAL FROST
        ACTION   		---    		HIGH    	---    		FROST ACTION
 
11.     SALINITY (MMHOS/CM)      ---    	>8       	---    		EXCESS SALT
 
12.     SOIL REACTION (pH)       ---    	<3.5     	---    		TOO ACID"|10/20/2009 16:27:38|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805431"
"OR067"|"GRL - Fencing, Post Depth =<36 inches"|"limitation"|"FENCING:
        1. Fencing is the construction and maintenance of barriers for the management of animals and people.  Fences are constructed using metal or wooden posts.  This rule was developed for conditions where the posts are set to a depth of 3 feet or less into the soil with strands of wire suspended between the posts.
 
        2. The guide, as shown in the Table below, is used to rate the ease of setting posts, maintaining the wire tension, and estimating the replacement and maintenance cost.  Excavations for wooden posts are made by power auger or hand dug, metal posts are driven into the soil.
 
        3. Bedrock, cemented pan, and large and small stones influence the excavation of post holes and the driving of posts.  Flooding and depth to a seasonal high water table may restrict the season of construction.  Flooding also affects maintenance and replacement cost.  High water tables raise the maintenance cost and require deeper post settings.  High shrink-swell soils require deep post settings or rock jacks to maintain vertical post alignment.  Setting posts in permanently frozen soil may cause lose of the insulation qualities of the soil and result in thermokarst topography.  Post alignment and maintaining the desired wire tension are often difficult on sandy soils due to their low strength.  Soil blowing causes maintenance problems.  Frost action results in frost-heaving of the posts.  Steep slopes affect the use power augers and the delivery of supplies.  During the wet seasons surface creep on steep slopes increases maintenance.  Soil reaction and salinity affect the type of post selected and maintenance costs.
  
 
Table of Criteria for Fencing:

                            		 LIMITS

RATING CRITERIA 		WELL            	POORLY  	RESTRICTIVE
	OR PROPERTY     	SUITED   SUITED 	SUITED          FEATURE
 
1.      USDA TEXTURE     	---     ---    		ICE     	PERMAFROST 

1a.     TEXTURE (WEIGHT  	---     ---    		SC, SIC, C      TOO CLAYEY
        AVE. 0-36"")
 
1b.     TEXTURE (WEIGHT AV.      ---    SC, SIC, C       ---    	TOO CLAYEY
        0-36"", KAOLINITIC
        MINERALOGY AND
        OXIC SUBGROUPS,
        AND OXISOLS AND
        UDIC MOISTURE
        REGIME)
 
1c.     TEXTURE (WEIGHT  	---    LS, LCOS, VFS,  COS, S, 		TOO SANDY
        AV. 0-36"")              	LFS, LVFS       FS
 
2.      FLOODING        	NONE, RARE      OCCAS   FREQ    	FLOODING
 
3.      DEPTH TO BEDROCK         ---     ---    	<36     	DEPTH TO ROCK
        (HARD OR SOFT, IN)
 
4.      DEPTH TO CEMENTED        ---     ---    	<36     	CEMENTED PAN
        PAN (IN)
 

5.      WEIGHT PERCENT  	<25     25-50   	>50     	TOO GRAVELLY
        2 mm-<3"" (0-36"")
 
5a.     WEIGHT PERCENT  	<25     25-50   	>50     	TOO COBBLY
        3-10"" (0-36"")
  
5b.     WEIGHT PERCENT  	<5      5-15    	>15     	TOO STONY
        >10"" (0-36"")
 
6.      SHRINK-SWELL     	---     ---   		 >6      	SHRINK-SWELL
        THICKEST LAYER
        0-36"", LE (PCT)


7.      PONDING  		---     ---      	+     		PONDING
 
8.      DEPTH TO HIGH   	>2.0     ---    	<2.0    	WETNESS
        WATER TABLE (FT)
 
9.      SLOPE (PCT)     	<8      8-15    	>15     	SLOPE
 
10.     POTENTIAL FROST
        ACTION   		---    HIGH    		 ---    	FROST ACTION
 
11.     SALINITY (MMHOS/CM)      ---    >8       	---    		EXCESS SALT
 
12.     SOIL REACTION (pH)       ---    <3.5     	---    		TOO ACID"|10/20/2009 16:27:33|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805446"
"OR067"|"MIL - Bivouac Areas (DOD)"|"limitation"|"MIL - Bivouac Areas

Summary: Military interpretations provide a tool for managing the impact of military training and support activities on soil and soil landscape.  Soils vary in their capacity to support these activities and the ratings reflect limitations that individual soils may have.  Restrictive soil features guide the user in predicting how the soil will respond to management.  The ratings are for the soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use, existing vegetation, or water sources. Site evaluation and planning, however, should consider these items.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition).  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule.  Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less than the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation.  These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation.  These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).  

Scope:  Bivouac areas are tracts of land used intensively as sites for field operation centers for military activity.  Bivouac areas require such site preparation as shaping and leveling in the areas used for tents and parking areas, stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and installing sanitary facilities and utility lines.  Bivouac areas are also subject to heavy foot traffic and some vehicular traffic.

The MIL - Bivouac Areas interpretation provides information about the soil limitations for use as a bivouac and identifies those soil properties that influence the ease of developing bivouac areas and the performance of the area after development.  Soil properties that influence trafficability and promote the growth of vegetation after heavy use are also important.  For tent or remote camp sites, the limitations would be less restrictive.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, and depth to bedrock or a cemented pan are the main concerns in developing bivouac areas.  For good trafficability, the surface of bivouac area should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy foot traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence trafficability are texture of the surface layer, wetness, permeability, and large stones.  The limitations of slow permeability and clayey surface texture are not as severe in dry regions of the country; however, silty soils may be more of a problem because they are dusty.  Soil properties that influence the growth of plants are depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, permeability, and presence of toxic materials.  Soils that are subject to flooding are particularly hazardous for bivouac areas because of the danger to life and property.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Too clayey: Clayey surface layers are slippery and sticky when wet, are slow to dry, and, when dry, are usually hard.  Timing and techniques that are used in preparing a seedbed and in planting the seeds, mechanical use, and large animal hoof impact are affected.  Hard surfaces affect seedling emergence and survival.  These factors should be considered in selecting alternatives for use and management.

	Property used: ""CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>= 40%
		Somewhat limiting	> 27 to < 40%
		Not limiting		<= 27%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	2.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the surface layer may impede road and trail construction and maintenance.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS 75mm to 250mm SURFACE LAYER (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 75%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25% to < 75%
		Not limiting		=< 25%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class.

	3.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's water holding capacity and the thickness of the root zone.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock*"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	4.  Wetness:  A seasonal high water table results in poorly drained soils that are wet, have low trafficability, and maybe boggy.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 45cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 45 to < 75cm
		Not limiting		=> 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	5.  Sodium content: High concentrations of exchangeable sodium cause poor soil conditions that restrict trafficability and the growth of most plants.
		
	Property used: ""SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50cm (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 13 
		Not limiting		 < 13			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	6.  Flooding: Flooding from stream overflow, runoff, or high tides adversely affects the use and management of these areas.  Flooding delays use of the area until the floodwater has receded and the soils have dried sufficiently to allow renewed activity.

	Property used: ""FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"", ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	7.  Too Gravelly: High gravel content in the soil surface may impede road and trail construction and maintenance.

	Property used: ""COARSE FRAGMENTS 2 to 75MM IN SURFACE LAYER (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 => 50%
		Somewhat limiting	  > 25% to < 50%
		Not limiting		 =< 25%
		
	Null passing #10 sieve is assigned to the Not lilmiting class.

	8.  Percs slowly: The slow movement of water through the soil can cause periodic wet soil conditions and increased runoff potential.
		
	Property used: ""KSAT MINIMUM, 0-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Very limited	=< 0.42 micrometers/second
		Limited		 > 0.42 and < 4.2 micrometers/second
		Not limiting	=> 4.2 micrometers/second	
		
	Null Ksat is assigned to the not limiting class.

	9.  Ponding: Ponding restricts trafficability and access to these areas and affects revegetation and plant growth during periods of wetness.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration. 
	
	Property used: ""PONDING DURATION (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting	 = ""none""
		
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	10. Excess salt: Soils with high electrical conductivity in the surface layer may suppress plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the electrical conductivity of the surface layer.
		
	Property used: ""SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8 
		Somewhat limiting	=> 4 to < 8
		Not limiting		 < 4			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	11. Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation of installation equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 8 and < 15%
		Not limiting		=< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

	12. Content of large stones: Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter in soil surface layer are may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 => 3%
		Somewhat limiting	  > 0.1% to < 3%
		Not limiting		 =< 0.1%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class.

	13. Too acid: Soils that are too acid restrict plant growth and site reclamation.  Acid soils generally contain sulfuric acid, have low base saturation, and have the potential for aluminum and/or manganese toxicity.  The addition of soil amendments and/or the selection of species that are tolerant to acid conditions are management considerations.
	
	Property used: ""SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=< 4.0
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4.0 to < 6.0
		Not limiting		=> 6.0
		
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.

	14. Sandy or loamy surface: Sandy surface layers are soft and loose, highly permeable, and generally low in fertility.  Planting techniques, seedling emergence, and survival are adversely affected.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture class of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: ""USDA TEXTURE SURFACE LAYER (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		""COS"", ""S"", ""FS"", and ""VFS""
		Somewhat Limiting	""LFS"", ""LVFS"", ""LCOS"", AND ""LS""
		Not limiting		all other USDA Textures
		
	Null USDA Texture is assigned to the Not rated class."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805416"
"OR067"|"MIL - Excavations Crew-Served Weapon Fighting Position (DOD)"|"limitation"|"MIL - Excavations for Crew-Served Weapon Fighting Positions

Summary: Military interpretations provide a tool for managing the impact of military train and support activities on soil and soil landscape.  Soils vary in their capacity to support these activities and the ratings reflect limitations that individual soils may have.  Restricting soil features guide the user in predicting how the soil will respond to management.  The rating are for the soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use, existing vegetation, or water sources. Site evaluation and planning, however, should consider these items.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition).  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule.  Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation.  These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation.  These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).  

Scope:  The soil interpretations for Excavations for Crew-Served Weapon Fighting Positions are designed to be used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for sites to be used and excavated weapon emplacements.  As part of the interpretation process, the rating applies to each soil in its present condition and does not consider present land use.  The limitation rating provided is based on the influence of existing soil properties for that use.
 
The soil feature(s) is identified for its affects on excavation, site preparation, and ease of maintenance.  These soil feature(s) also determines the performance to be expected after weapons have been placed and the kind and degree of future maintenance required to maintain the site and weapon readiness.  Minor soil features are not identified or considered as part of the initial rating process but could be important factors where the major soil feature restrictions are overcome through design application.  Use of the soil interpretation rating guides in the planning and evaluation process allows the user to identify and recommend site selection and to plan alternative measures that minimize impacts on the soil resource.

Description:  Excavations for Crew-Served Weapon Fighting Positions are trenches or holes dug in the soil to a maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet.  They are used for troop and weapon protection and support bases.  The excavations are most commonly made by trenching machines or backhoes.

Soil properties and qualities, limits, and restrictive features used in rating are based on the soil properties that influence ease of digging, resistance to sloughing, and weapon readiness.  Depth to bedrock or cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, and the amount of large stones influence the ease of digging, filling, and compacting.  Depth to the seasonal high water table and flooding may restrict the period when excavations can be made and can affect weapon readiness.  Slope influences the ease of using machinery.  Soil texture and depth to water table influence the resistance to sloughing.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to compact.  Soil feature considered is the maximum percent clay between 0 and 120cm.
		
	Property used: ""CLAY PERCENT IN DEPTH 0-120CM (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>= 80%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 35 to < 80%
		Not limiting		<= 35%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	2.  Cutbanks cave: If soil texture is silt or texture group is sandy or texture modifier is sandy or gravelly or soil order is Vertisols than cutbanks have a high potential to cave in.  This tendency is true for all soils but to a lesser degree and the interpretive model is designed to give a rating no less then .1 ""Somewhat limiting"".  Extreme care and caution should be used around cutbanks to protect from cave in injury or death.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture modifier and class of each layer and taxonomic order.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE GROUP IN DEPTH 50-180cm (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting 		matches ""*S *"" or matches ""*S"" or matches ""GR*"" or matches ""* GR""
		Somewhat limiting	all other USDA textures
		
	Null USDA Texture modifier is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
OR

	Property used: WTTP-TAXONOMIC ORDER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 = ""vertisols""
		Not limiting	not = ""vertisols""
		
	Null Taxonomic Order is assigned to the Not rated class.

	3.  Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan limits the soil's water holding capacity and the thickness of the root zone.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 = 0cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0 and < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: ""WTTP-KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	     = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
	     	Not limiting	 not = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
		
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND

	Property used: ""FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = ""Noncemented""
	     	Not limiting		    = ""Noncemented""
		
	Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.

	4.  Dense layer: The presence of a dense layer limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of underground practice components. 

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO BULK DENSITY >1.8 G/CC (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	 < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limited class.

	5.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 75cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 75cm and < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND
	Property used: ""KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	     = ""bedrock (lithic)""
	     	Not limiting	not  = ""bedrock (lithic)"" 
		
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	6.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	 < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND
	Property used: ""KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	     = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
	     	Not limiting	not  = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
		
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	7.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 = 0cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0 to < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	8.  Flooding: The frequency, timing, and duration of flooding can influence seedbed preparation, seedling emergence, and stand survival.  Planting species that are tolerant to wet soil conditions minimizes the impact of this limitation.

	Property used: ""FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"", ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	9.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in  horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 120cm deep.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-120CM (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15% and < 50%
		Not limiting		=< 15%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

	10.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the soil layers between 50 and 150cm.
	
	Property used: ""UNIFIED IN DEPTH 50-150cm (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.

	11.  Ponding: Ponding restricts trafficability and access to these areas and affects revegetation and plant growth during periods of wetness.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration. 
	
	Property used: ""PONDING DURATION (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting	 = ""none""
		
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	12.  Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation of installation equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 8 and < 15%
		Not limiting		=< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805463"
"OR067"|"MIL - Excavations for Individual Fighting Position (DOD)"|"limitation"|"MIL - Excavations for Individual Fighting Positions

Summary: Military interpretations provide a tool for managing the impact of military train and support activities on soil and soil landscape.  Soils vary in their capacity to support these activities and the ratings reflect limitations that individual soils may have.  Restricting soil features guide the user in predicting how the soil will respond to management.  The rating are for the soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use, existing vegetation, or water sources. Site evaluation and planning, however, should consider these items.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition).  If a soil's property within 60 cm (24 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule.  Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation.  These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation.  These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).  

Scope:  The soil interpretations for Excavations for Individual Fighting Positions are designed to be used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for sites to be used and excavated for individual fighting emplacements.  As part of the interpretation process, the rating applies to each soil in its natural condition and does not consider present land use.  The limitation rating provided is based on the influence of existing soil properties for that use.
 
The soil feature(s) is identified for its affects on excavation, site preparation, and ease of maintenance.  These soil feature(s) also determines the performance to be expected after fighting positions have been placed and the kind and degree of future maintenance required to maintain the site and position readiness.  Minor soil features are not identified or considered as part of the initial rating process but could be important factors where the major soil feature restrictions are overcome through design application.  Use of the soil interpretation rating guides in the planning and evaluation process allows the user to identify and recommend site selection and to plan alternative measures that minimize impacts on the soil resource.

Description:  Excavations for Individual Fighting Positions are trenches or holes dug in the soil to a maximum depth of 2 or 3 feet.  They are used for troop.  The excavations are most commonly made by trenching tools and shovels.

Soil properties and qualities, limits, and restrictive features used in rating are based on the soil properties that influence ease of digging, resistance to sloughing, and position readiness.  Depth to bedrock or cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, and the amount of large stones influence the ease of digging, filling, and compacting.  Depth to the seasonal high water table and flooding may restrict the period when excavations can be made and can affect position readiness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to compact.  Soil feature considered is the maximum percent clay between 0 and 60cm.
		
	Property used: ""CLAY PERCENT IN DEPTH 0-60CM (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>= 80%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 35 to < 80%
		Not limiting		<= 35%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	2.  Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of underground practice components.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 = 0cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0 and < 50cm
		Not limiting		>= 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: ""WTTP-KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	     = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
	     	Not limiting	 not = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
		
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND

	Property used: ""FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = ""Noncemented""
	     	Not limiting		    = ""Noncemented""
		
	Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.

	3.  Dense layer: The presence of a dense layer limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of underground practice components.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO BULK DENSITY >1.8 G/CC (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limited class.

	4.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts installation of underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 25cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25 and < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND
	Property used: ""KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	     = ""bedrock (lithic)""
	     	Not limiting	not  = ""bedrock (lithic)"" 
		
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	5.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND
	Property used: ""KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	     = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
	     	Not limiting	not  = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
		
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	6.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 = 0cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0 to < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	7.  Flooding: The frequency, timing, and duration of flooding can influence seedbed preparation, seedling emergence, and stand survival.  Planting species that are tolerant to wet soil conditions minimizes the impact of this limitation.

	Property used: ""FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"", ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	8.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 50 cm deep.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-50CM (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 65%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 20% and < 65%
		Not limiting		=< 20%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

	9.  Ponding: Ponding restricts trafficability and access to these areas and affects revegetation and plant growth during periods of wetness.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration. 
	
	Property used: ""PONDING DURATION (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting	 = ""none""
		
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805401"
"OR067"|"MIL - Excavations for Vehicle Fighting Position (DOD)"|"limitation"|"Rule: MIL - Excavations for Vehicle Fighting Positions

Summary: Military interpretations provide a tool for managing the impact of military train and support activities on soil and soil landscape.  Soils vary in their capacity to support these activities and the ratings reflect limitations that individual soils may have.  Restricting soil features guide the user in predicting how the soil will respond to management.  The rating are for the soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use, existing vegetation, or water sources.  Site evaluation and planning, however, should consider these items.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non- limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition).  If a soil's property within 180 cm (72 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule.  Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified providing the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation.  These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation.  These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).

Scope:  The soil interpretations for Excavations for Vehicle Fighting Positions are designed to be used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for sites to be used and excavated large vehicle and weapons emplacements.  As part of the interpretation process, the rating applies to each soil in its present condition and does not consider present land use.  The limitation rating provided is based on the influence of existing soil properties for that use.

The soil feature(s) is identified for its affects on excavation, site preparation, and ease of maintenance.  These soil feature(s) also determines the performance to be expected after weapons and vehicles have been placed and the kind and degree of future maintenance required to maintain the site and weapon readiness.  Minor soil features are not identified or considered as part of the initial rating process but could be important factors where the major soil feature restrictions are overcome through design application.  Use of the soil interpretation rating guides in the planning and evaluation process allows the user to identify and recommend site selection and to plan alternative measures that minimize impacts on the soil resource.

Description:  Excavations for Vehicle Fighting Positions are trenches or holes dug in the soil to a maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet.  They are used for troop, vehicle, and weapon protection and support bases.  The excavations are most commonly made by trenching machines or backhoes.

Soil properties and qualities, limits, and restrictive features used in rating are based on the soil properties that influence ease of digging, resistance to sloughing, and weapon readiness.  Depth to bedrock or cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, and the amount of large stones influence the ease of digging, filling, and compacting.  Depth to the seasonal high water table and flooding may restrict the period when excavations can be made and can affect weapon readiness.  Slope influences the ease of using machinery.  Soil texture and depth to water table influence the resistance to sloughing.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.  Criterion name: Clayey 35 To 80% (TX)

    Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult
    to compact.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum
    percent clay.

            Property used: ""CLAY PERCENT Maximum (TX)"" (Modality - high,
            low, and representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Limiting                >= 80%
                    Somewhat limiting        > 35 to < 80%
                    Not limiting            <= 35%

            Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not limiting class.

        Evaluation applied: Clay (35 to 80% Maximum) (TX)

        This evaluation checks the soil's clay content within a
        depth of and indexes the degree to which clay content is
        limiting.  Where the soil property ""CLAY PERCENT Maximum
        (TX)"" is:

                 => 80% the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                  > 35 and < 80% the soil is somewhat limited and
        the degree of limitation index is expressed as a number
        between 0 and 1.0.
                 =< 35% the soil is not limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: CLAY PERCENT Maximum (TX)

            Data used: claytotal from component horizon table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  Clay percent

            Logic: Finds the maximum clay percent for any
            horizon.

            Returns values for low, high, and rv: normally each
            has a single value.

2.  Criterion name: Cutbank Caving Implicit (TX)

    Cutbanks cave: If soil texture is silt or texture group is sandy or
    texture modifier is sandy or gravelly or soil order is Vertisols than
    cutbanks have a high potential to cave in.  This tendency is true for
    all soils but to a lesser degree and the interpretive model is designed
    to give a rating no less then .1 ""Somewhat limiting"".  Extreme care and
    caution should be used around cutbanks to protect from cave in injury
    or death.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture
    modifier and class of each layer and taxonomic order.

            Property used: USDA TEXTURE GROUP IN DEPTH 50-180cm (TX)""
            (Modality - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
               Limiting         matches ""*S *"" or matches ""*S"" or matches ""GR*""
                                or matches ""* GR""
               Somewhat limiting       all other USDA textures

            Null USDA Texture modifier is assigned to the Not limiting class.

    OR

           Property used: WTTP-TAXONOMIC ORDER (Modality - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting         = ""vertisols""
                    Not limiting    not = ""vertisols""

            Null Taxonomic Order is assigned to the Not rated class.

        Evaluation applied: Taxonomic Order - Vertisol (TX)

        This evaluation checks soil's taxonomic order and indexes
        the degree to which order is limiting.  Where the soil
        property ""TAXONOMIC ORDER (TX)"" matches:

                ""vertisols"" the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation is expressed as the number 1.0.
                else the soil is not limited and the degree of
        limitation is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: TAXONOMIC ORDER (TX)

            Data used: taxorder from component table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  Taxonomic order.

            Logic:  Finds the taxonomic order for the component
            and returns the name as the rv.

        Evaluation applied: USDA Texture Class & Modifiers - Sand
        and Sandy Gravel (TX)

        This evaluation checks the USDA texture group of the soil
        horizon between 50 and 180cm and indexes the degree to
        which the texture group is limiting.  Where the soil
        property ""USDA TEXTURE GROUP IN DEPTH 50-180cm (TX)"" matches:

                ""*S *"", ""*S"", ""GR*"", or ""* GR"" the soil is
        limited and the degree of limitation index is expressed
        as the number 1.0.
                else the soil is not limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: USDA TEXTURE GROUP IN DEPTH 50-180cm
            (TX)

            Data used: texture_modifier_and_class from component
            horizon texture group table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  Texture group.
                    2.  RV or First texture group
                    3.  In depth 50 to 180cm
                    4.  RV or first texture matches ""*S *"",
            ""*S"", ""GR*"", or ""* GR*""

            Logic:  Finds the USDA texture group and class codes
            for all horizons that have any portion in the depth
            range 20"" to 72"" (50-180 cm).

            Returns the group and class codes in rv: may have
            multiple values.

        Evaluation applied: USDA Texture Class & Modifiers - Sand
        and Sandy Gravel (TX)

        This evaluation checks the USDA texture group of the soil
        horizon between 50 and 180cm and indexes the degree to
        which the texture group is limiting.  Where the soil
        property ""USDA TEXTURE GROUP IN DEPTH 50-180cm (TX)""
        matches:

                ""*S *"", ""*S"", ""GR*"", or ""* GR"" the soil is
        limited and the degree of limitation index is expressed
        as the number 1.0.
                else the soil is not limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: USDA TEXTURE GROUP IN DEPTH 50-180cm
            (TX)

            Data used: texture_modifier_and_class from component
            horizon texture group table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  Texture group.
                    2.  RV or First texture group
                    3.  In depth 50 to 180cm
                    4.  RV or first texture matches ""*S *"",
            ""*S"", ""GR*"", or ""* GR*""

            Logic:  Finds the USDA texture group and class codes
            for all horizons that have any portion in the depth
            range 20"" to 72"" (50-180 cm).

            Returns the group and class codes in rv: may have
            multiple values.

3.  Criterion name: Depth to Cemented Pan 0 to 180cm (TX)

    Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan limits site
    preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of
    underground practice components.  Depth to restrictive feature must be
    synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in
    the horizon table.

            Property used: ""DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (TX)""
            (Modality - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting                 = 0cm
                    Somewhat limiting        > 0 and < 180cm
                    Not limiting            => 180cm

            Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
    AND
            Property used: ""WTTP-KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION"" (Modality -
    representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting             = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or
    ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
                    Not limiting     not = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or
    ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""

            Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
    AND

            Property used: ""FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (TX)""
    (Modality - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting                not = ""Noncemented""
                    Not limiting                = ""Noncemented""

            Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.

        Evaluation applied: Depth to First Restrictive Feature 0
        to 180cm (TX)

        This evaluation checks the depth of the first restrictive
        feature and indexes the degree to which restrictive
        feature depth is limiting.  Where the soil property
        ""DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (TX)"" is:
                  = 0cm the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                  > 0cm and < 180cm the soil is somewhat limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as a
        number between 0 and 1.0.
                  => 180cm the soil is not limited and the degree
        of limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (TX)

            Data used:  resdept from the component restrictions table.
                    Considerations:
                    1.  Depth to the top of the first restrictive layer

            Logic:  Finds the top depth of the first restrictive
            feature.

        Evaluation applied: First Restrictive Feature Hardness =
        Noncemented (TX)

        This evaluation checks the hardness of any cemented pan
        and indexes the degree to which cemented pan hardness is
        limiting.  Where the soil property ""RESTRICTIVE FEATURE
        HARDNESS (TX)"" is:
                 not = ""Noncemented"" the soil is limited and the
        degree of limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                     = ""Noncemented"" the soil is not limited and
        the degree of limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS
            (TX)

            Data used:  reshard from the component restrictions
            table.
                    Considerations:
                    1.  Restrictive feature hardness

            Logic:  Finds the restrictive feature hardness.

            Returns values for rv.

        Evaluation applied: Restrictive Feature; Cemented Pan
        (TX)

        This evaluation checks restrictive feature kind of
        bedrock and indexes the degree to which the type of
        bedrock is limiting.  Where the soil property ""KIND OF
        RESTRICTION (TX)"" is:

                     = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic""
        or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" the soil is limited and
        the degree of limitation index is expressed as the number
        1.0.
                 Not = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic""
        or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" the soil is not limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as the
        number 0.

            Data required: KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION (TX)

            Data used:  reskind from the component restrictions
            table.
                    Considerations:
                    1.  Restrictive feature type

            Logic:  Finds the soil's first restrictive feature
            kind.

            Returns the restrictive feature kind as rv, having a
            single value.

4.  Criterion name: Depth to Dense Layer; BD > 1.8 Within 180cm (TX)

    Dense layer: The presence of a dense layer limits site preparation such
    as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of underground
    practice components.

            Property used: ""DEPTH TO BULK DENSITY >1.8 G/CC (TX)"" (Modality
            - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Somewhat limiting        < 180cm
                    Not limiting            => 180cm

            Null depth is assigned to the Not limited class.

        Evaluation applied: Depth to High Bulk Density > 1.8; 0
        to 180cm (TX)

        The evaluation checks for the presence of a dense layer
        and if present indexes the depth.  This index expresses
        the degree to which ""DENSE LAYER"" is a limiting feature.
        Where the soil property ""DEPTH TO BULK DENSITY >1.8 G/CC
        (TX)"" is:

                 = 0cm the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                  > 0cm and < 180cm the soil is somewhat limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as a
        number between 0 and 1.0.
                 => 180cm the soil is not limited and the degree
        of limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: DEPTH TO BULK DENSITY >1.8 G/CC (TX)

            Data used:  hzdept and dbthirdbar_h from the
            component table.
                    Considerations:
                    1.  Horizon depth to the first layer with
            bulk density high > 1.8

            Logic:  Finds the depth to the top of the first
            horizon having a high bulk density greater than 1.8
            g/cc.

            Returns values for low, high, and rv: each has a
            single value.

5.  Criterion name: Depth to Hard Bedrock 120 to 180cm (TX)
    Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site
    preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of
    underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top
    depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock
    (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the
    depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

            Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" (Modality -
            representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting                =< 120cm
                    Somewhat limiting        > 120cm and < 180cm
                    Not limiting            => 180cm

            Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

    AND
            Property used: ""KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" (Modality -
            representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting             = ""bedrock (lithic)""
                    Not limiting    not  = ""bedrock (lithic)""

            Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting
            class.

        Evaluation applied: Depth to Bedrock 120 to 180cm (TX)

        The evaluation checks for the presence of ""bedrock*"" and
        if present indexes the depth.  This index expresses the
        degree to which ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK"" is a limiting feature.
        Where the soil property ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" is:

                 =< 120cm the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                 > 120cm and < 180cm the soil is somewhat limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as a
        number between 0 and 1.0.
                 => 180cm the soil is not limited and the degree
        of limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)

            Data used: resdept and reskind from component
            restriction table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  reskind imatches ""bedrock*"" and if true
                    2.  resdepth

            Logic:  Reports the top depth of the first
            restrictive layer where kind equal bedrock.  Depth
            to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the
            depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in
            the horizon table.

        Evaluation applied: Restrictive Feature; Hard Bedrock
        (TX)

        This evaluation checks restrictive feature kind of
        bedrock and indexes the degree to which the type of
        bedrock is limiting.  Where the soil property ""KIND OF
        BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" is:

                     = ""bedrock (lithic)"" the soil is limited and
        the degree of limitation index is expressed as the number
        1.0.
                 Not = ""bedrock (lithic)"" the soil is not limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as the
        number 0.

            Data required: KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)

            Data used: reskind from component restriction table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  reskind imatches ""bedrock*""

            Logic:  Reports the first restrictive layer kind.

6.  Criterion name: Depth to Soft Bedrock 50 to 180cm (TX)

    Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site
    preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of
    underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top
    depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock
    (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must
    be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown
    in the horizon table.

            Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" (Modality -
            representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Somewhat limiting        < 180cm
                    Not limiting            => 180cm

            Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

    AND
            Property used: ""KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" (Modality -
            representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
               Limiting       = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
               Not limiting   not = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""

            Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

        Evaluation applied: Depth to Bedrock 50 to 180cm (TX)

        The evaluation checks for the presence of ""bedrock*"" and
        if present indexes the depth.  This index expresses the
        degree to which ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK"" is a limiting feature.
        Where the soil property ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" is:

                 =< 50cm the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                 > 50cm and < 180cm the soil is somewhat limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as a
        number between 0 and 1.0.
                 => 180cm the soil is not limited and the degree
        of limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)

            Data used: resdept and reskind from component
            restriction table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  reskind imatches ""bedrock*"" and if true
                    2.  resdepth

            Logic:  Reports the top depth of the first
            restrictive layer where kind equal bedrock.  Depth
            to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the
            depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in
            the horizon table.

        Evaluation applied: Restrictive Feature; Soft Bedrock
        (TX)

        This evaluation checks restrictive feature kind of
        bedrock and indexes the degree to which the type of
        bedrock is limiting.  Where the soil property ""KIND OF
        BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" is:

                     = ""bedrock (paralithic)"", ""bedrock (densic)""
        the soil is limited and the degree of limitation index is
        expressed as the number 1.0.
                 Not = ""bedrock (paralithic)"", ""bedrock (densic)""
        the soil is not limited and the degree of limitation
        index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)

            Data used: reskind from component restriction table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  reskind imatches ""bedrock*""

            Logic:  Reports the first restrictive layer kind.

7.  Criterion name: Depth to Water Table 0 to 180cm (TX)

    Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table are
    slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of
    heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the
    first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during
    any month.

            Property used: ""DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM (TX)""
            (Modality - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting                 = 0cm
                    Somewhat limiting        > 0 to < 180cm
                    Not limiting            => 180cm

            Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

        Evaluation applied: Depth to Water Table 0 to 180cm (TX)

        The evaluation checks for the presence of a wet or
        saturated layer and if present indexes the depth.  This
        index expresses the degree to which ""WETNESS"" is a
        limiting feature.  Where the soil property ""DEPTH TO HIGH
        WATER TABLE MINIMUM (TX)"" is:
                  = 0cm the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                  > 0cm and < 180cm the soil is somewhat limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as a
        number between 0 and 1.0.
                  => 180cm the soil is not limited and the degree
        of limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM
            (TX)

            Data used: comonth.month, soimoiststat, and
            soimoistdept from component month and component soil
            moisture table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  soimoiststat = ""wet"" or ""saturation""
                    2.  resdepth

            Finds the shallowest depth to soil moisture status
            ""wet"" or ""saturation"".

8.  Criterion name: Flooding Occasional or Frequent (TX)

    Flooding: The frequency, timing, and duration of flooding can influence
    seedbed preparation, seedling emergence, and stand survival.  Planting
    species that are tolerant to wet soil conditions minimizes the impact
    of this limitation.

            Property used: ""FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest (TX)""
            (Modality - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
               Somewhat limiting   = ""occasional"", ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
               Not limiting        = ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""

            Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

        Evaluation applied: Flooding ""FREQUENT"" or Greater (TX)

        This evaluation checks soil's flooding frequency and
        indexes the degree to which flooding is limiting.  Where
        the soil property ""FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS (TX)"" is:

                 = ""frequent"" or ""very frequent"" the soil is
        limited and the degree of limitation is expressed as the
        number 1.0.
             not = ""frequent"" or ""very frequent"" the soil is not
        limited and the degree of limitation is expressed as the
        number 0.

            Data required: FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest
            (TX)

            Data used: flodfreqcl from the component month
            (comonth) table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  Flood Frequency class

            Logic:  Finds the longest flooding frequency classes
            for all months.

            Returns each distinct frequency class in rv:
            multiple values are possible.

        Evaluation applied: Flooding ""OCCASIONAL"" (TX)

        This evaluation checks soil's flooding frequency and
        indexes the degree to which flooding is limiting.  Where
        the soil property ""FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS (TX)"" is:

                 = ""occasional"" the soil is limited and the
        degree of limitation is expressed as the number 1.0.
                 not = ""occasional"" the soil is not limited and
        the degree of limitation is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest
            (TX)
            Data used: flodfreqcl from the component month
            (comonth) table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  Flood Frequency class

            Logic:  Finds the longest flooding frequency classes
            for all months.

            Returns each distinct frequency class in rv:
            multiple values are possible.

9.  Criterion name: Fragments >75mm, 15 to 50% by Wght. Av. 0-72"" (TX)

    Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil
    and restricts position installation and site reclamation.  Soil feature
    considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size
    greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0
    to 180 cm deep.

            Property used: ""FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-180cm
            (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting                => 50%
                    Somewhat limiting        > 15% and  < 50%
                    Not limiting            =< 15%

            Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

        Evaluation applied: Fragments >75mm, 15 to 50%, Wght. Av.
        0-180cm (0-72"") (TX)

        The weighted average of the component horizon
        rock_frag_3_to_10_in and rock_frag_greater_than_10_in to
        a depth of 180cm (72"") indexes the degree to which LARGE
        STONES are limiting.  Where the soil property ""FRAGMENTS
        > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-180cm (TX)"" is:
                 => 50 the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation is expressed as the number 1.0.
                 > 15 and < 50 the soil is somewhat limited and
        the degree of limitation is expressed as a number between
        0 and 1.0.
                 =< 15 the soil is not limited and the degree of
        limitation is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN
            DEPTH 0-180cm (TX)

            Data used: frag3to10 and fraggt10_r from component
            horizon table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  LAYER THICKNESS IN RANGE; ABOVE A
            RESTRICTIVE LAYER
                    2.  THICKEST LAYER
                    3.  frag3to10 and fraggt10_r

            Logic: Finds the average percentage of rock
            fragments of size greater than 3"" in the horizons
            from 0"" to 72"" (0 to 180 cm) deep or first
            restrictive layer.  Uses the rock percents from the
            Horizon table.  To compute a weighted average, the
            sum of rock 3-10"" and rock > 10"" for each horizon is
            multiplied by the horizon thickness, then averaged
            over all horizons to 72"".

            Returns values for low, high, and rv: each has a
            single value.

10.  Criterion name: Humus Between 50 to 150cm (TX)

     Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high
    in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil
    feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the soil layers
    between 50 and 150cm.

            Property used: ""UNIFIED IN DEPTH 50-150cm (TX)"" (Modality -
            representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting        = pt, ol, or oh
                    Not limiting    not = pt, ol, or oh

            Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.

        Evaluation applied: Unified; (Organic 50 to 150cm (20-
        60"")) (TX)

        This evaluation checks the Unified class of the soil
        between a depth of 50 to 150cm and indexes the degree to
        which unified class is limiting.  Where the soil property
        ""UNIFIED IN DEPTH 50-150cm (TX)"" is:

                     = ""OL"", ""OH"", or ""PT"" the soil is limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as the
        number 1.0.
                 not = ""OL"", ""OH"", or ""PT"" the soil is not
        limited and the degree of limitation index is expressed
        as the number 0.

            Data required: UNIFIED IN SURFACE THICKER THEN 25CM
            (TX)

            Data used: unifiedcl, hzdept_r, hzdepb_r, and
            rvindicator from component, chorizon, and chunified
            tables.
                    Considerations:
                    1.  Horizon depth;
                    2.  Unified class
                    3.  unified class rv flag set.

            Logic:  Finds the Unified class of the surface soil
            thicker then 25cm, where the unified rv is set to
            yes else the first unified class listed is selected.
            The representative or first unified class for each
            horizon is returned as the rv value.

11.  Criterion name: Ponding Duration All (TX)

    Ponding: Ponding restricts trafficability and access to these areas and
    affects revegetation and plant growth during periods of wetness.  Soil
    feature considered is ponding duration.

            Property used: ""PONDING DURATION (TX)"" (Modality -
            representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
               Limiting     = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or ""long"" or ""very long""
               Not limiting = ""none""

            Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

        Evaluation applied: Ponding Duration (All) (TX)

        This evaluation checks for the duration of Ponding.
        Where the soil property ""PONDING DURATION (TX)"" is:
                 = ""VERY BRIEF"", ""BRIEF"", ""LONG"" or ""VERY LONG""
        the soil is limited and the degree of limitation index is
        expressed as the number 1.0.
                 = null the soil is not limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: PONDING DURATION (TX)

            Data used: ponddurcl from component month table.
                    Considerations:
                    1.  Ponding duration.

            Logic:  Finds the  ponding duration classes for all
            months.

            Returns values for low, high, and rv: each has a
            single value.

12.  Criterion name: Slopes 8 to 15% (TX)

    Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation of installation equipment and
    may require special system design and construction to overcome the
    slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.

            Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high,
            representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Limiting                => 15%
                    Somewhat limiting        > 8 and < 15%
                    Not limiting            =< 8%

            Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

        Evaluation applied: Slope 8 to 15% (TX)

        This evaluation checks slope and indexes the degree to
        which slope is limiting.  Where the soil property ""SLOPE
        (TX)"" is:
                 => 15 the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                 > 8 and < 15 the soil is somewhat limited and
        the degree of limitation index is expressed as a number
        between 0 and 1.0.
                 =< 8 the soil is not limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: SLOPE (TX)

            Data used: slope from the component table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  slope percent

            Logic:  Finds the low, high, and rv values for
            component slope."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805473"
"OR067"|"MIL - Helicopter Landing Zones (DOD)"|"limitation"|"MIL - Helicopter Landing Zones

Summary: Military interpretations provide a tool for managing the impact of military train and support activities on soil and soil landscape.  Soils vary in their capacity to support these activities and the ratings reflect limitations that individual soils may have.  Restricting soil features guide the user in predicting how the soil will respond to management.  The rating are for the soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use, existing vegetation, or water sources.  Site evaluation and planning, however, should consider these items.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition).  If a soil's surface property has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule.  Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation.  These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation.  These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).  

Scope:  The soil interpretations for Helicopter Landing Zones are designed to be used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for sites to be used as landing zones.  As part of the interpretation process, the rating applies to each soil in its present condition and does not consider present land use.  The limitation rating provided is based on the influence of existing soil properties for that use.

The soil feature(s) is identified for its affects on site preparation and ease of maintenance.  These soil feature(s) also determines the performance to be expected after landing zones have been constructed and the kind and degree of future maintenance required to maintain the site readiness.  Minor soil features are not identified or considered as part of the initial rating process but could be important factors where the major soil feature restrictions are overcome through design application.  Use of the soil interpretation rating guides in the planning and evaluation process allows the user to identify and recommend site selection and to plan alternative measures that minimize impacts on the soil resource.

Description:  Helicopter Landing Zones are areas that are developed to land helicopters and transport troops and supplies.  Soil properties and qualities, limits, and restrictive features used in rating are based on the soil properties that influence construction, maintenance, and readiness of helicopter landing zones.  Dusty surface layer, slope, or the amount of large stones influence the development and functionality of an area for landing helicopters.  Flooding or ponding may restrict the period when the landing zone can be used. 

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Flooding: Flooding limits construction and maintenance of fencing.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: ""FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""frequent"", ""occasional"", ""rare"" or ""very rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	2.  Ponding: Ponding restricts trafficability and access to these areas and affects revegetation and plant growth during periods of wetness.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration. 
	
	Property used: ""PONDING DURATION (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting	  = ""none""
		
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	3.  Dusty: Soils with silty surface layer are dusty when dry.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture class of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: ""USDA TEXTURE SURFACE LAYER (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting 	""SIL"", ""SI"", ""VFSL"", or ""L""
		Not limiting		all other USDA Textures
		
	Null USDA Texture and Taxonomic class are assigned to the Not limiting class.

	4.  Slope: Moderate slopes impede the operation of some sprinkler irrigation systems and when used may execrate erosion.  Flood and border irrigation systems are very limited on these slopes.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.

	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 and < 8%
		Not limiting		=< 3%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

	5.  Content of large stones: Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter in soil surface layer are may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 => 3%
		Somewhat limiting	  > 0.1% to < 3%
		Not limiting		 =< 0.1%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class."|04/22/2009 10:57:25|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805444"
"OR067"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 1 1-pass wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 1 1-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type 1 vehicles are lightweight vehicles with low contact pressure (less than 2.0 pounds per square inch).  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 1.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for one vehicle pass.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, pt
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 100%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 100%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.
 
When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.99	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, ch, mh, ml, cl, cl-ml 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.99	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.98	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, ch, cl 
	0.97	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sp-sm, mh, ml, cl-ml, ol
	0.96	sm, sw-sm, oh
	0.94	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.99	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, ch, mh  
	0.98	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol
	0.97	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805459"
"OR067"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 1 50-passes wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 1 50-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type 1 vehicles are lightweight vehicles with low contact pressure (less than 2.0 pounds per square inch).  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 1.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are based on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a maximum of 50 vehicle passes in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, pt
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 100%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 100%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, ch
	0.97	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.96	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, mh, cl
	0.95	ml
	0.94	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.93	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, ch
	0.92	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.91	sc-sm
	0.90	cl	
	0.86	mh
	0.84	sp-sm
	0.82	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, ml
	0.81	cl-ml
	0.80	sm, sw-sm
	0.73	ol
	0.69	oh
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.96	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ch
	0.95	sc-sm
	0.94	mh
	0.93	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.92	ol
	0.91	cl-ml
	0.90	sm, sw-sm, ml, cl, oh
	0.82	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805429"
"OR067"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 1 dry season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 1 dry season

Summary:  Military category type 1 vehicles are lightweight vehicles with low contact pressure (less than 2.0 pounds per square inch).  Soils trafficability during the dry season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 1.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a minimum number of vehicle passes (1) or a maximum of 50 vehicles in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships, which produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become slippery after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  The exeption is the sandy Unified Class of the thickest layer which is within a depth of 15 to 30cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw,gp,sw,sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 100%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 100%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 23cm
	0.98	sp, 0 to 15cm
	
OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm or in the case of sp 0 to 15cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.99	gw, gp, sw
	0.98	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp (0 to 15cm), sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, cl
	0.97	mh, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, ml, cl-ml, ol
	0.96	sm, sw-sm, oh
	0.94	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 23cm
	0.98	sp, 0 to 15cm

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805399"
"OR067"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 2 1-pass wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 2 1-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-2 vehicles are engineer and high speed tractors with comparatively wide tracks and low contact pressures.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 2.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for one vehicle pass.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, pt
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 100%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 100%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.99	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, ch
	0.97	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, , mh, ml, cl
	0.96	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.96	ch
	0.95	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.94	sc-sm, cl
	0.91	sp-sm
	0.88	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, mh
	0.87	cl-ml
	0.86	ml, ol, sm, sw-sm
	0.82	oh
	0.73	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.97	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, ch 
	0.96	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, mh
	0.95	ol
	0.94	sm, sw-sm, ml, cl, cl-ml, oh
	0.90	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805490"
"OR067"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 2 50-passes wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 2 50-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-2 vehicles are engineer and high speed tractors with comparatively wide tracks and low contact pressures.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 2.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a maximum of 50 vehicle passes in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, pt
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 100%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 100%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.96	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, ch
	0.95	sm, sw-sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.93	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, mh, cl
	0.92	ml
	0.89	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.86	ch
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc 
	0.84	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.82	sc-sm
	0.81	mh
	0.71	cl
	0.69	sp-sm
	0.67	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.65	sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.49	cl-ml
	0.48	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.93	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, ch
	0.92	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.91	sc-sm
	0.89	mh
	0.86	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.85	cl
	0.82	sm, sw-sm
	0.73	ml
	0.69	cl-ml, ol
	0.65	oh
	0.49	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805461"
"OR067"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 2 dry season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 2 dry season

Summary:  Military category type-2 vehicles are engineer and high speed tractors with comparatively wide tracks and low contact pressures.  Soils trafficability during the dry season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 2.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a minimum number of vehicle passes (1) or a maximum of 50 vehicles in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become slippery after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  The exeption is the sandy Unified Class of the thickest layer which is within a depth of 15 to 30cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw,gp,sw,sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 100%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 100%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 23cm
	0.96	sp, 0 to 15cm
	
OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm or in the case of sp 0 to 15cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw
	0.96	ch, sp (0 to 15cm)
	0.95	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.94	sc-sm, cl
	0.91	sp-sm, ml
	0.88	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, mh
	0.87	cl-ml
	0.86	sm, sw-sm, ol
	0.82	oh
	0.73	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 23cm
	0.96	sp, 0 to 15cm

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805457"
"OR067"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 3 1-pass wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 3 1-pass wet season

Summary:   Military category type-3 vehicles are tractors with average contact pressures, tanks with comparatively low contact pressures, and some trailed vehicles with very low contact pressures.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 3.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for one vehicle pass.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, ch
	0.97	sm, sw-sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.96	sc-sm, ml 
	0.95	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.94	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.93	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.92	sc-sm
	0.91	cl
	0.87	sp-sm, mh
	0.84	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.83	cl-ml
	0.82	sm, sm-sw
	0.81	ol
	0.79	ml
	0.72	oh
	0.68	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.97	ch
	0.96	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm
	0.95	mh
	0.94	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.93	ol
	0.92	sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.91	cl, oh	
	0.85	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sp-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805471"
"OR067"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 3 50-passes wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 3 50-pass wet season

Summary:   Military category type-3 vehicles are tractors with average contact pressures, tanks with comparatively low contact pressures, and some trailed vehicles with very low contact pressures.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 3.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for 50 vehicle passes in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.96	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.95	ch
	0.94	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.93	sm, sw-sm
	0.92	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.90	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, mh, cl
	0.85	ml
	0.70	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.96	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.76	mh
	0.72	ch
	0.71	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.70	sc-sm
	0.49	cl 
	0.48	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.47	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.96	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.90	ch
	0.89	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.88	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.85	sc-sm
	0.82	mh
	0.73	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.70	cl, sm, sw-sm
	0.66	ml
	0.48	cl-ml, ol, oh
	0.47	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sp-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805442"
"OR067"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 3 dry season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 3 dry season

Summary:  Military category type-3 vehicles are tractors with average contact pressures, tanks with comparatively low contact pressures, and some trailed vehicles with very low contact pressures.  Soils trafficability during the dry season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 3.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a minimum number of vehicle passes (1) or a maximum of 50 vehicles in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become slippery after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 30cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 30cm
	0.94	sp, 0 to 15cm
	
OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 30cm or in the case of sp 0 to 15cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw
	0.94	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sp (0-15cm)
	0.93	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.92	sc-sm
	0.91	cl, ml
	0.87	mh, sp-sm
	0.84	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.83	cl-ml
	0.82	sm, sw-sm
	0.81	ol
	0.72	oh
	0.68	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 30cm
	0.94	sp, 0 to 15cm

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 30cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805488"
"OR067"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 4 1-pass wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 4 1-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-4 vehicles are most medium tanks, tractors with high contact pressures, and all-wheel-drive trucks and trailed vehicles with low contact pressures.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 4.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for one vehicle pass.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, ch
	0.97	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.96	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl, sc-sm
	0.95	ml 
	0.94	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.93	ch
	0.92	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.90	sc-sm
	0.89	cl
	0.86	mh
	0.84	sp-sm
	0.81	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.80	cl-ml
	0.79	sm, sm-sw
	0.76	ml
	0.72	ol
	0.68	oh
	0.64	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.97	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.95	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm
	0.94	mh
	0.93	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.92	ol
	0.90	sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.89	cl, oh	
	0.81	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sp-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805427"
"OR067"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 4 50-passes wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 4 50-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-4 vehicles are most medium tanks, tractors with high contact pressures, and all-wheel-drive trucks and trailed vehicles with low contact pressures.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 4.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for 50 vehicle passes in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.96	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.95	ch
	0.94	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.93	sm, sw-sm
	0.92	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.90	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, mh, cl
	0.85	ml
	0.70	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.96	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.73	mh
	0.72	ch
	0.71	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.70	sc-sm
	0.49	cl 
	0.48	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.47	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.96	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.90	ch
	0.89	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.88	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.85	sc-sm
	0.82	mh
	0.73	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.70	cl, sm, sw-sm
	0.66	ml
	0.48	cl-ml, ol, oh
	0.47	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sp-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805397"
"OR067"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 4 dry season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 4 dry season

Summary:  Military category type-4 vehicles are most medium tanks, tractors with high contact pressures, and all-wheel-drive trucks and trailed vehicles with low contact pressures.  Soils trafficability during the dry season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 4.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a minimum number of vehicle passes (1) or a maximum of 50 vehicles in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become slippery after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 30cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 30cm
	0.92	sp, 0 to 15cm
	
OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 TO 30cm or in the case of sp 0 to 15cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw
	0.93	ch
	0.92	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sp (0-15cm), sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.91	ml
	0.90	sc-sm
	0.89	cl
	0.86	mh
	0.84	sp-sm
	0.81	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.80	cl-ml
	0.79	sm, sw-sm
	0.72	ol
	0.68	oh
	0.64	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 8 to 23cm
	0.92	sp, 0 to 15cm

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 30cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805469"
"OR067"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 5 1-pass wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 5 1-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-5 vehicles are most all-wheel-drive trucks, a great number of trailed vehicles, and heavy tanks.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 5.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for one vehicle pass.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.97	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, ch
	0.96	sm, sw-sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.95	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl, sc-sm 
	0.93	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.91	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.90	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.88	sc-sm
	0.86	cl
	0.85	mh
	0.80	sp-sm
	0.73	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.72	sm, sm-sw, ml
	0.71	cl-ml
	0.67	ol
	0.64	oh
	0.49	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.95	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.94	sc-sm
	0.93	mh, cl
	0.91	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.90	ol
	0.88	sm, sw-sm
	0.87	ml, cl-ml
	0.82	oh	
	0.72	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805484"
"OR067"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 5 50-passes wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 5 50-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-5 vehicles are most all-wheel-drive trucks, a great number of trailed vehicles, and heavy tanks.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 5.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for 50 vehicle passes in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.95	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.94	ch
	0.93	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.92	sm, sw-sm
	0.91	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.89	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.88	mh, cl
	0.84	sc-sm
	0.74	ml
	0.66	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.95	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.73	mh
	0.68	ch
	0.67	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.66	sc-sm
	0.48	cl, sp-sm
	0.47	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.46	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.95	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.88	ch
	0.86	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.84	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.81	sc-sm
	0.73	mh
	0.70	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.66	cl, sm, sw-sm
	0.49	ml
	0.47	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805455"
"OR067"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 5 dry season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 5 dry season

Summary:  Military category type-5 vehicles are most all-wheel-drive trucks, a great number of trailed vehicles, and heavy tanks.  Soils trafficability during the dry season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 5.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a minimum number of vehicle passes (1) or a maximum of 50 vehicles in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become slippery after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 30cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 38cm
	0.86	sp, 0 to 15cm
	
OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm or in the case of sp 0 to 15cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw
	0.91	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.90	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.88	sc-sm
	0.86	cl, sp (0 to 15cm)
	0.85	mh
	0.80	sp-sm
	0.73	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.72	sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.71	cl-ml
	0.67	ol
	0.64	oh
	0.49	all others
	
OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 38cm
	0.86	sp, 0 to 15cm

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805425"
"OR067"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 6 1-pass wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 6 1-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-6 vehicles are a great number of all-wheel-drive and rear-wheel-drive trucks and trailed vehicles intended primarily for highway use.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 6.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for one vehicle pass.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 35%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 35%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, ch
	0.96	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.95	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.94	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl, sc-sm 
	0.93	ml
	0.91	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.89	ch
	0.87	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.86	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.84	sc-sm, cl
	0.82	mh
	0.71	sp-sm
	0.69	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.68	sm, sm-sw, ml
	0.49	cl-ml, ol
	0.48	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.94	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.93	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.92	sc-sm
	0.91	mh
	0.88	cl, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.84	sm, sw-sm
	0.80	ml
	0.79	ol
	0.73	cl-ml
	0.69	oh	
	0.65	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805414"
"OR067"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 6 50-passes wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 6 50-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-6 vehicles are a great number of all-wheel-drive and rear-wheel-drive trucks and trailed vehicles intended primarily for highway use.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 6.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for 50 vehicle passes in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 35%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 35%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.94	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.93	ch
	0.92	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.90	sm, sw-sm
	0.88	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.83	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.80	mh
	0.79	cl
	0.70	sc-sm
	0.69	ml
	0.48	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.94	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.48	mh, ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm
	0.47	cl
	0.46	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.94	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.81	ch
	0.72	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.70	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.68	sc-sm
	0.66	mh
	0.49	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.48	cl, sm, sw-sm
	0.47	ml
	0.46	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805486"
"OR067"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 6 dry season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 6 dry season

Summary:  Military category type-6 vehicles are a great number of all-wheel-drive and rear-wheel-drive trucks and trailed vehicles intended primarily for highway use.  Soils trafficability during the dry season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 6.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a minimum number of vehicle passes (1) or a maximum of 50 vehicles in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become slippery after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 15 to 30cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 35%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 35%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 38cm
	0.72	sp, 0 to 15cm
	
OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm or in the case of sp 0 to 15cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw
	0.89	ch
	0.87	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.86	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.84	sc-sm, cl
	0.82	mh
	0.72	sp (0 to 15cm)
	0.71	sp-sm
	0.69	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.68	sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.49	cl-ml, ol
	0.48	all others
	
OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 38cm
	0.72	sp, 0 to 15cm

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805482"
"OR067"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 7 1-pass wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 7 1-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-7 vehicles are rear-wheel-drive vehicles and others that generally are not expected to operate off road, especially in wet soils.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 7.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for one vehicle pass.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 25%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 25%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.96	ch
	0.95	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.94	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.92	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl, sc-sm 
	0.91	ml
	0.82	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.84	ch
	0.82	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.81	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.80	sc-sm
	0.79	mh
	0.69	cl
	0.66	sp-sm
	0.64	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.49	sm, sm-sw, ml
	0.48	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.96	sp-sm
	0.92	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.91	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.90	sc-sm
	0.87	mh
	0.84	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.82	cl
	0.80	sm, sw-sm
	0.71	ml
	0.65	cl-ml
	0.63	ol
	0.53	oh	
	0.48	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805395"
"OR067"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 7 50-passes wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 7 50-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-7 vehicles are rear-wheel-drive vehicles and others that generally are not expected to operate off road, especially in wet soils.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 7.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for 50 vehicle passes in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 25%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 25%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.93	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.91	ch
	0.90	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.86	sm, sw-sm
	0.81	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.73	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.69	mh
	0.68	cl
	0.64	sc-sm
	0.49	ml
	0.46	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.94	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.48	mh, ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm
	0.47	cl
	0.46	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.45	ol, oh, pt
	0.44	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.94	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.72	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.70	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.68	sc-sm
	0.66	mh
	0.49	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.48	sm, sw-sm
	0.46	ml, cl, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805467"
"OR067"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 7 dry season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 7 dry season

Summary:  Military category type-7 vehicles are rear-wheel-drive vehicles and others that generally are not expected to operate off road, especially in wet soils.  Soils trafficability during the dry season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 7.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a minimum number of vehicle passes (1) or a maximum of 50 vehicles in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become slippery after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 15 to 30cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 25%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 25%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 38cm
	0.68	sp, 0 to 15cm
	
OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm or in the case of sp 0 to 15cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw
	0.84	ch
	0.82	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.81	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.80	sc-sm
	0.79	mh
	0.69	cl
	0.68	sp (0 to 15cm)
	0.66	sp-sm
	0.64	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.49	sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.48	all others
	
OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 38cm
	0.68	sp, 0 to 15cm

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/15/2010 10:50:11|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805412"
"OR067"|"URB/REC - Camp Areas"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for recreational development are to be used to guide the user in identifying and evaluating the suitability of the soil for specific recreational purposes.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  These ratings do not consider location and accessibility of the area, size and shape of the area, scenic quality, the ability of the soil to support vegetation, access to water or potential sites for water impoundment.  Nor do the ratings consider access to public sewers or the capacity of the soil to support localized sanitary facilities such as septic tank adsorption fields or sanitary landfills.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Camp Areas"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Camp Areas"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Camp areas are tracts of land used intensively as sites for tents, trailers, campers, and the accompanying activities of outdoor living.  Camp areas require site preparation such as shaping and leveling in the areas used for tents and parking areas, stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and installing sanitary facilities and utility lines.  Camp areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some vehicular traffic.

Many soil survey areas in sparsely populated parts of the country have soil surveys of lower intensity.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.

Scope: National

Soil properties and qualities considered in rating the degree of limitation are those that influence the ease of developing camping areas and the performance of the camping area after development.  Soil properties that influence trafficability and promote the growth of vegetation after heavy use are important.  For tent or remote campsites, the limitations would be less restrictive.

Slope, stoniness, and depth to bedrock or cemented pans are the main concerns in developing camp areas.  However, areas associated with picnic areas may have steep slopes and rough terrain for aesthetic purposes.  For good trafficability, the surface of camp areas should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy foot traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence trafficability are texture of the surface layer, wetness, permeability, and large stones.  The limitations of slow permeability and clayey surface texture are not as severe in dry regions of the country; however, silty soils may be more of a problem because they are dusty.  Soil properties that influence the growth of plants are depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, permeability, and presence of toxic materials.  Soils that are subject to flooding are particularly hazardous for camp areas because of the danger to life and property.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the surface layer if the layer is greater then 25cm thick.
	
	Property used: SURFACE LAYER THICKNESS nssc (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 > 25cm
		Not limiting	<= 25cm

AND

	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pt""
		Not limiting	not = ""pt""
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Soil that floods limit the installation and function for building site applications.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very rare"" or ""rare"" or ""occasional"" or ""frequent"" or ""very frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Too Stony: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) on the soil surface can interfere with equipment operations and are a nuisance for most landuses.  Soil feature considered is percent of the soil surface covered by rock fragments > 10 inches in size.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON SURFACE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 3.0%
		Somewhat limiting	>=  .1% to <= 3.0%
		Not limiting		 <  .1%
		
	Null surface cover percentage of rock fragments with an rv >=250mm are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 3 inch) in size in soil surface layer are nuisances and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 3 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		   > 75%
		Somewhat limiting	 >=  25% to <= 75%
		Not limiting		  <  25%
		
	Null > 3 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	5.  Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil impedes infiltration and percolation of percipitation and may cause water to pond and wet condition to presist for extended periods of time. Soil feature considered is the layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity within 100cm of the surface and above a restrictive layer.  If the soil is in taxonomic class TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS; TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS; TOR, UST, ARIDIC, or XER SUBGROUPS then the limiting condition is reduced by half.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (0-100cm) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=< .4 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > .4 and < 4 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=> 4 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity and may induce salinity toxicity, which restricts vigorous plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) of the surface layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 => 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 => 4 to < 8 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Too sandy: Soil with sandy surface layer is subject to blowing sand, are hard to re-vegetate, and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered are the percent clay in the surface layer and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 70
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 70 and < 90
		Not limiting		>= 90
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 < 15 percent
		Not limiting	>= 15 percent
		
	Null clay percentage in the surface layer is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	13. Gravel content: Gravel (small stones) in the surface layer is a nuisance and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is the surface percent retained on the #10 sieve (100 - #10). This is adjusted for stones by multiplying it times the fraction less than 3"" (1 - (Rock 3-10 + Rock >10)/100).

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 2MM-75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25 to <= 50%
		Not limiting		 < 25%
		
	Null sieve are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	14. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 12 
		Not limiting		<= 12 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates, remain muddy for extended periods and compaction may reduce the growth of grass and ornamental plantings.  Rating is reduced by half if the soil is in taxonomic class SUBORDERS or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, or XER); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI); or ORDERS (OXISOLS).   Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer and the taxonomic classification.
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 40%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 40% 
						and in TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS or
						TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS or
						TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI SUBORDERS or
						OXISOLS ORDERS 
		Not limiting		=< 40%
		
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	Null taxonomic classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	17. Dusty: Soils with silty surface layer and in taxonomic classes ORDERS (ARIDISOLS); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, Or XER) or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, Or XER) are dusty when dry.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture class of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE SURFACE LAYER NSSC (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting 	""SIL"", ""SI"", ""VFSL"", or ""L""
		Not limiting		all other USDA Textures
		
	Null USDA Texture and Taxonomic class are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	18. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 43cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 43 to <= 75cm
		Not limiting		 > 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|10/29/2009 09:31:31|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805453"
"OR067"|"URB/REC - Off-Road Motorcycle Trails"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for recreational development are to be used to guide the user in identifying and evaluating the suitability of the soil for specific recreational purposes.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  These ratings do not consider location and accessibility of the area, size and shape of the area, scenic quality, the ability of the soil to support vegetation, access to water or potential sites for water impoundment.  Nor do the ratings consider access to public sewers or the capacity of the soil to support localized sanitary facilities such as septic tank adsorption fields or sanitary landfills.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Off-Road Motorcycle Trails"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Off-Road Motorcycle Trails"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Off-road motorcycle trails are primarily for recreational use.  Trails for other off-road vehicles may have similar criteria.  Little or no preparation is done to the trail, and the surface is not vegetated or surfaced.  Considerable compaction of the soil on the trail is expected.

Many soil survey areas in sparsely populated parts of the country have soil surveys of lower intensity.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.

Scope: National

Soil properties and qualities considered in rating the degree of limitation are those that influence the ease of developing off-road motorcycle trails and the performance of off-road motorcycle trails after development.  Erodibility, revegetation, trafficability, and dustiness are the main concerns in developing paths and trails.  For good trafficability, the surface of a path or trail should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Considerations for desirable off-road challenges are not included.

Soil properties considered are stoniness, slope, wetness, texture of the surface layer, and flooding.  Slope affects the soil erodibility.  Large stones affect the configuration of the trail.  Small stones affect trafficability.  Wetness and flooding affect revegetation and frequency of use.  Surface texture affects erodibility, trafficability, revegetation, and probability of dust.

These soil properties and qualities are.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Water erosion: Soils with high K factors and steep slopes have a tendency to erode and when used for paths and trails.  Water erosion preventative practices are recommended on these soils.  Soil feature considered is the maximum K factor (whole) and slope. 
		
	Property used: EROSION FACTOR FIRST LAYER NOT ORGANIC (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> .35
		Not limiting		 < .35 			
		
	Null K factor whole is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND

	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8%
		Not limiting		 < 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	2.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the surface layer if the layer is greater then 25cm thick.
	
	Property used: SURFACE LAYER THICKNESS nssc (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 > 25cm
		Not limiting	<= 25cm

AND

	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pt""
		Not limiting	not = ""pt""
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Flooding: Soil that floods have limitation on the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare"" or ""occasional""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Too Stony: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) on the soil surface can interfere with equipment operations and are a nuisance for most landuses.  Soil feature considered is percent of the soil surface covered by rock fragments > 10 inches in size.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON SURFACE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 3.0%
		Somewhat limiting	>=  .1% to <= 3.0%
		Not limiting		 <  .1%
		
	Null surface cover percentage of rock fragments with an rv >=250mm are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 3 inch) in size in soil surface layer are nuisances and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 3 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		   > 75%
		Somewhat limiting	 >=  25% to <= 75%
		Not limiting		  <  25%
		
	Null > 3 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Too sandy: Soil with sandy surface layer is subject to blowing sand, are hard to re-vegetate, and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered are the percent clay in the surface layer and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 70
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 70 and < 90
		Not limiting		>= 90
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 < 15cm
		Not limiting	>= 15cm
		
	Null clay percentage in the surface layer is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Slope: Steep slopes impede site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restrict the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 40%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25 and < 40%
		Not limiting		=< 25%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	10. Gravel content: Gravel (small stones) in the surface layer may impede trafficability.  Soil feature considered is the surface percent retained on the #10 sieve (100 - #10). This is adjusted for stones by multiplying it times the fraction less than 3"" (1 - (Rock 3-10 + Rock >10)/100).

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 2MM-75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 65%
		Not limiting		<= 65%
		
	Null sieve are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	11. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates, remain muddy for extended periods and compaction may reduce the growth of grass and ornamental plantings.  Rating is reduced by half if the soil is in taxonomic class SUBORDERS or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, or XER); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI); or ORDERS (OXISOLS).   Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer and the taxonomic classification.
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 40%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 40% 
						and in TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS or
						TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS or
						TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI SUBORDERS or
						OXISOLS ORDERS 
		Not limiting		=< 40%
		
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	Null taxonomic classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Dusty: Soils with silty surface layer and in taxonomic classes ORDERS (ARIDISOLS); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, Or XER) or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, Or XER) are dusty when dry.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture class of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE SURFACE LAYER NSSC (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting 	""SIL"", ""SI"", ""VFSL"", or ""L""
		Not limiting		all other USDA Textures
		
	Null USDA Texture and Taxonomic class are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 30cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 60cm
		Not limiting		=> 60cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|03/16/2009 15:19:15|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805423"
"OR067"|"URB/REC - Paths and Trails"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for recreational development are to be used to guide the user in identifying and evaluating the suitability of the soil for specific recreational purposes.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  These ratings do not consider location and accessibility of the area, size and shape of the area, scenic quality, the ability of the soil to support vegetation, access to water or potential sites for water impoundment.  Nor do the ratings consider access to public sewers or the capacity of the soil to support localized sanitary facilities such as septic tank adsorption fields or sanitary landfills.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Paths and Trails "".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Paths and Trails "" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Paths and trails ratings apply to walking, horseback riding, and similar uses that require little or no cutting or filling.  The soils are rated based on the properties and qualities that influence trafficability and erodibility.

Many soil survey areas in sparsely populated parts of the country have soil surveys of lower intensity.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.

Scope: National

Soil properties and qualities considered in rating the degree of limitation are those that influence the ease of developing paths and trails and the performance of paths and trails after development.  Stoniness, wetness, texture of the surface layer, slope, flooding, erodibility, and, in dry regions, dustiness are the main concerns in developing paths and trails.  For good trafficability, the surface of a path or trail should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy foot traffic, and not be dusty when dry.

These soil properties and qualities are.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Water erosion: Soils with high K factors and steep slopes have a tendency to erode and when used for paths and trails.  Water erosion preventative practices are recommended on these soils.  Soil feature considered is the maximum K factor (whole) and slope. 
		
	Property used: EROSION FACTOR FIRST LAYER NOT ORGANIC (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> .35
		Not limiting		 < .35 			
		
	Null K factor whole is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND

	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8%
		Not limiting		 < 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	2.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the surface layer if the layer is greater then 25cm thick.
	
	Property used: SURFACE LAYER THICKNESS nssc (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 > 25cm
		Not limiting	<= 25cm

AND

	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pt""
		Not limiting	not = ""pt""
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Flooding: Soil that floods have limitation on the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare"" or ""occasional""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Too Stony: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) on the soil surface can interfere with equipment operations and are a nuisance for most landuses.  Soil feature considered is percent of the soil surface covered by rock fragments > 10 inches in size.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON SURFACE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 3.0%
		Somewhat limiting	>=  .1% to <= 3.0%
		Not limiting		 <  .1%
		
	Null surface cover percentage of rock fragments with an rv >=250mm are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 3 inch) in size in soil surface layer are nuisances and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 3 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		   > 75%
		Somewhat limiting	 >=  25% to <= 75%
		Not limiting		  <  25%
		
	Null > 3 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Too sandy: Soil with sandy surface layer is subject to blowing sand, are hard to re-vegetate, and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered are the percent clay in the surface layer and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 70
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 70 and < 90
		Not limiting		>= 90
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 < 15cm
		Not limiting	>= 15cm
		
	Null clay percentage in the surface layer is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Slope: Steep slopes impede site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restrict the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 25%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15 and < 25%
		Not limiting		=< 15%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	10. Gravel content: Gravel (small stones) in the surface layer may impede trafficability.  Soil feature considered is the surface percent retained on the #10 sieve (100 - #10). This is adjusted for stones by multiplying it times the fraction less than 3"" (1 - (Rock 3-10 + Rock >10)/100).

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 2MM-75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 65%
		Not limiting		<= 65%
		
	Null sieve are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	11. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates, remain muddy for extended periods and compaction may reduce the growth of grass and ornamental plantings.  Rating is reduced by half if the soil is in taxonomic class SUBORDERS or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, or XER); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI); or ORDERS (OXISOLS).   Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer and the taxonomic classification.
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 40%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 40% 
						and in TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS or
						TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS or
						TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI SUBORDERS or
						OXISOLS ORDERS 
		Not limiting		=< 40%
		
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	Null taxonomic classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Dusty: Soils with silty surface layer and in taxonomic classes ORDERS (ARIDISOLS); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, Or XER) or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, Or XER) are dusty when dry.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture class of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE SURFACE LAYER NSSC (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting 	""SIL"", ""SI"", ""VFSL"", or ""L""
		Not limiting		all other USDA Textures
		
	Null USDA Texture and Taxonomic class are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 30cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 60cm
		Not limiting		=> 60cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|03/16/2009 15:19:15|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805393"
"OR067"|"URB/REC - Picnic Areas"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for recreational development are to be used to guide the user in identifying and evaluating the suitability of the soil for specific recreational purposes.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  These ratings do not consider location and accessibility of the area, size and shape of the area, scenic quality, the ability of the soil to support vegetation, access to water or potential sites for water impoundment.  Nor do the ratings consider access to public sewers or the capacity of the soil to support localized sanitary facilities such as septic tank adsorption fields or sanitary landfills.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Picnic Areas"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Picnic Areas"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Picnic areas are natural or landscaped tracts used primarily for preparing meals and eating outdoors.  These areas are subject to heavy foot traffic.  Most vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and parking lots.  Soils ratings are based on properties that influence the development costs of shaping the site, trafficability, and the growth of vegetation after development.

Many soil survey areas in sparsely populated parts of the country have soil surveys of lower intensity.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.

Scope: National

Soil properties and qualities considered in rating the degree of limitation are those that influence the ease of developing picnic areas and the performance of the picnic areas after development.  Soil properties that influence trafficability and promote the growth of vegetation after heavy use are important.

Slope and stoniness are the main concerns in developing picnic areas.  For good trafficability, the surface of picnic areas should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy foot traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence trafficability are texture of the surface layer, wetness, permeability, and large stones.  The limitations of slow permeability and clayey surface texture are not as severe in dry regions of the country; however, silty soils may be more of a problem because they are dusty.  Soil properties that influence the growth of plants are depth to bedrock, permeability, and the presence of toxic materials.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the surface layer if the layer is greater then 25cm thick.
	
	Property used: SURFACE LAYER THICKNESS nssc (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 > 25cm
		Not limiting	<= 25cm

AND

	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pt""
		Not limiting	not = ""pt""
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Soil that floods have limitation on the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare"" or ""occasional""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Too Stony: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) on the soil surface can interfere with equipment operations and are a nuisance for most landuses.  Soil feature considered is percent of the soil surface covered by rock fragments > 10 inches in size.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON SURFACE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 3.0%
		Somewhat limiting	>=  .1% to <= 3.0%
		Not limiting		 <  .1%
		
	Null surface cover percentage of rock fragments with an rv >=250mm are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 3 inch) in size in soil surface layer are nuisances and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 3 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		   > 75%
		Somewhat limiting	 >=  25% to <= 75%
		Not limiting		  <  25%
		
	Null > 3 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	5.  Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil impedes infiltration and percolation of percipitation and may cause water to pond and wet condition to presist for extended periods of time. Soil feature considered is the layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity within 100cm of the surface and above a restrictive layer.  If the soil is in taxonomic class TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS; TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS; TOR, UST, ARIDIC, or XER SUBGROUPS then the limiting condition is reduced by half.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (0-100cm) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=< .4 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > .4 and < 4 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=> 4 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Not limiting	    = ""none""
		Limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity and may induce salinity toxicity, which restricts vigorous plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) of the surface layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 => 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 => 4 to < 8 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Too sandy: Soil with sandy surface layer is subject to blowing sand, are hard to re-vegetate, and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered are the percent clay in the surface layer and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 70
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 70 and < 90
		Not limiting		>= 90
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 < 15 percent
		Not limiting	>= 15 percent
		
	Null clay percentage in the surface layer is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	13. Gravel content: Gravel (small stones) in the surface layer is a nuisance and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is the surface percent retained on the #10 sieve (100 - #10). This is adjusted for stones by multiplying it times the fraction less than 3"" (1 - (Rock 3-10 + Rock >10)/100).

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 2MM-75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25 to <= 50%
		Not limiting		 < 25%
		
	Null sieve are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	14. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 12 
		Not limiting		<= 12 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates, remain muddy for extended periods and compaction may reduce the growth of grass and ornamental plantings.  Rating is reduced by half if the soil is in taxonomic class SUBORDERS or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, or XER); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI); or ORDERS (OXISOLS).   Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer and the taxonomic classification.
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 40%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 40% 
						and in TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS or
						TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS or
						TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI SUBORDERS or
						OXISOLS ORDERS 
		Not limiting		=< 40%
		
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	Null taxonomic classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	17. Dusty: Soils with silty surface layer and in taxonomic classes ORDERS (ARIDISOLS); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, Or XER) or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, Or XER) are dusty when dry.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture class of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE SURFACE LAYER NSSC (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting 	""SIL"", ""SI"", ""VFSL"", or ""L""
		Not limiting		all other USDA Textures
		
	Null USDA Texture and Taxonomic class are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	18. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 30cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 75cm
		Not limiting		=> 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|10/29/2009 09:31:31|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805408"
"OR067"|"URB/REC - Playgrounds"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for recreational development are to be used to guide the user in identifying and evaluating the suitability of the soil for specific recreational purposes.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  These ratings do not consider location and accessibility of the area, size and shape of the area, scenic quality, the ability of the soil to support vegetation, access to water or potential sites for water impoundment.  Nor do the ratings consider access to public sewers or the capacity of the soil to support localized sanitary facilities such as septic tank adsorption fields or sanitary landfills.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Playgrounds"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Playgrounds"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Playgrounds are areas used intensively for games, such as baseball and football, and similar activities.  Playgrounds require a nearly level soil that is free of stones and that can withstand heavy foot traffic and still maintain adequate vegetation.  Soils ratings are based on properties that influence the cost of shaping, trafficability, and the growth of vegetation.

Many soil survey areas in sparsely populated parts of the country have soil surveys of lower intensity.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.

Scope: National

Soil properties and qualities considered in rating the degree of limitation are those that influence the ease of developing playgrounds and the performance of playgrounds after development.  Slope and stoniness are the main concerns in developing playgrounds.  For good trafficability, the surface of playgrounds should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy foot traffic, and not be dusty when dry.

Soil properties that influence trafficability are texture of the surface layer, wetness, permeability, and large stones.  The limitations of slow permeability and clayey surface texture are not as severe in dry regions of the country; however, silty soils may be more of a problem because they are dusty.  Soil properties that influence the growth of plants are depth to bedrock, permeability, and the presence of toxic materials.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the surface layer if the layer is greater then 25cm thick.
	
	Property used: SURFACE LAYER THICKNESS nssc (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 > 25cm
		Not limiting	<= 25cm

AND

	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pt""
		Not limiting	not = ""pt""
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Flooding at frequency greater then rare has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Too Stony: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) on the soil surface can interfere with equipment operations and are a nuisance for most landuses.  Soil feature considered is percent of the soil surface covered by rock fragments > 10 inches in size.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON SURFACE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 3.0%
		Somewhat limiting	>=  .1% to <= 3.0%
		Not limiting		 <  .1%
		
	Null surface cover percentage of rock fragments with an rv >=250mm are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 3 inch) in size in soil surface layer are nuisances and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 3 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		   > 30%
		Somewhat limiting	 >=  5% to <= 30%
		Not limiting		  <  5%
		
	Null > 3 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	5.  Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil impedes infiltration and percolation of percipitation and may cause water to pond and wet condition to presist for extended periods of time. Soil feature considered is the layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity within 100cm of the surface and above a restrictive layer.  If the soil is in taxonomic class TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS; TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS; TOR, UST, ARIDIC, or XER SUBGROUPS then the limiting condition is reduced by half.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (0-100cm) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=< .4 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > .4 and < 4 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=> 4 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity and may induce salinity toxicity, which restricts vigorous plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) of the surface layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 => 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 => 4 to < 8 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Too sandy: Soil with sandy surface layer is subject to blowing sand, are hard to re-vegetate, and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered are the percent clay in the surface layer and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 70
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 70 and < 90
		Not limiting		>= 90
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 < 15cm
		Not limiting	>= 15cm
		
	Null clay percentage in the surface layer is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities. Moderately deep soil with slope greater then 2% and shallow or very shallow soils are considered restrictive.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.


	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	AND
	
	RV Slope is greater then 2%

OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities. Moderately deep soil with slope greater then 2% and shallow or very shallow soils are considered restrictive.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	AND
	
	RV Slope is greater then 2%

OR
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Slope: Steep slopes impede site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restrict the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 6%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 2 and < 6%
		Not limiting		=< 2%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	13. Gravel content: Gravel (small stones) in the surface layer is a nuisance and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is the surface percent retained on the #10 sieve (100 - #10). This is adjusted for stones by multiplying it times the fraction less than 3"" (1 - (Rock 3-10 + Rock >10)/100).

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 2MM-75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 25%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 10 to < 25%
		Not limiting		<= 10%
		
	Null sieve are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	14. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 12 
		Not limiting		<= 12 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates, remain muddy for extended periods and compaction may reduce the growth of grass and ornamental plantings.  Rating is reduced by half if the soil is in taxonomic class SUBORDERS or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, or XER); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI); or ORDERS (OXISOLS).   Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer and the taxonomic classification.
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 40%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 40% 
						and in TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS or
						TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS or
						TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI SUBORDERS or
						OXISOLS ORDERS 
		Not limiting		=< 40%
		
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	Null taxonomic classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	17. Dusty: Soils with silty surface layer and in taxonomic classes ORDERS (ARIDISOLS); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, Or XER) or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, Or XER) are dusty when dry.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture class of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE SURFACE LAYER NSSC (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting 	""SIL"", ""SI"", ""VFSL"", or ""L""
		Not limiting		all other USDA Textures
		
	Null USDA Texture and Taxonomic class are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	18. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 43cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 43 to <= 75cm
		Not limiting		 > 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|10/29/2009 09:31:31|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805480"
"OR067"|"WMS - Embankments, Dikes, and Levees"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for various water management practices are developed for use in evaluating the potential of the soil for various water management practices.  These practices may involve the movement of water to or from a site, holding water on a site, or securing a water source.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  Soil limitation ratings and associated restrictive features are given for ponds and reservoir areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and excavated ponds.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Embankments, Dikes, and Levees"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Embankments, Dikes, and Levees"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised structures of soil material that are constructed to impound water or protect land against overflow.  They generally are less than 20 feet high, are constructed of ""homogeneous"" soil material (without a core zone), and are compacted to medium density.  Embankments that have zoned construction (core and shell) are not considered.

Soil properties influence development of embankments, dikes, and levees including site selection, structure design, construction, performance, and after construction maintenance.  The soil interpretations for embankments, dikes, and levees are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Scope: National

Ratings are made for the soil that may be source of material for embankment fills.  The rating is given for the whole soil, from the surface to a depth of about 5 feet, based on the assumption that soil horizons will be mixed in loading, dumping, and spreading.  The ratings do not indicate the suitability of the undisturbed soil for supporting the embankment.  Soil properties to a depth greater than the embankment height have an effect on the performance and safety of the embankment.  Generally, deeper onsite geologic investigations must be made to determine these important properties.


Ratings are based on soil properties and qualities to act as a natural barrier against seepage into deeper layers, without regard to cutoff trenches or other features that may be installed under the pond embankment.  Excessive slope in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the pond embankment seriously reduces the storage capacity of the reservoir area.  Suitable sites may be difficult to find on slopes steeper than about 10 percent.

Embankments, dikes, and levees require soil material that is resistant to seepage, piping, and erosion and that has favorable compaction characteristics.  Organic soils are not suitable because of high compression, low strength, and unpredictable permeability.  When compacting with tamping rollers (sheepsfoot rollers) or pneumatic rollers, stones over 6 inches in size must be removed; therefore, stony soils are limited for this use.  If a water table is present, the depth of usable material and the trafficability are affected.

The content of sodium and salts affects the capability for plant growth on embankment surfaces.  These properties may also indicate dispersive soils that are highly erosive and susceptible to piping.  Soils that contain gypsum may have piping and uneven settling.

Low-density silts and clays in the supporting foundation generally have excessive settlement and low strength.  Loose soils in arid regions undergo much settlement very rapidly upon becoming saturated as water is impounded.  These soils generally do not provide adequate support for embankments.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Hard to pack: Fine textured soils high in sodium and gypsum content with high plasticity and liquid limits are difficult to compact.  These hard to pact soil are limited for use in building embankments, dikes, and levees.   The interpretive model uses the maximum sodium or gypsum rating index and adds the low compaction index.  This sum is compared to the liquid limit index and the lowest index is applied to the parent rule.

	{Soil feature considered is the maximum percent gypsum found in the soil layers.
	
	Property used: GYPSUM MAXIMUM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=> 25%
		Somewhat Limiting 	 >  5 and < 25%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
				
	Null gypsum values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
 
	OR
	
	Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4 to < 13
		Not limiting		<= 4 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.}
	
	+
	
	{Soil features considered are plasticity index and percent passing the 200 sieve of the thickest layer to a depth of at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive feature.  

	Property used: PI WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 40
		Somewhat limiting	 > 20 to < 40
		Not limiting		=< 20
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not rated class.

	AND

	Property used: PASSING #200 SIEVE WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Not limiting		=< 50%
		
	Null 200 sieve is assigned to the Not rated class.}
	
AND	

	Soil feature considered is the thickest layer's liquid limit between a depth of 25 to at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive feature.  

	Property used: LIQUID LIMIT WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 50
		Not limiting		 < 50
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not limited class.
	
	2.  Thin layer: Shallow depth to a cemented restrictive layer limits the amount of source materials available for constructing dikes, levees, or water retention embankments.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive hardness is not ""noncemented"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to  < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 25 and 180cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
	
	5.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Piping: Fine textured soils high in sodium and gypsum content with low cohesion and liquid limits are subject to piping and are limited for use in building embankments, dikes, and levees.   The interpretive model uses the maximum sodium or gypsum rating index and adds the low cohesion index.  This sum is compared to the liquid limit index and the lowest index is applied to the parent rule.

	{Soil feature considered is the maximum percent gypsum found in the soil layers.
	
	Property used: GYPSUM MAXIMUM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=> 25%
		Somewhat Limiting 	 >  5 and < 25%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
				
	Null gypsum values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
 
	OR
	
	Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4 to < 13
		Not limiting		<= 4 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.}
	
	+
	
	{Soil features considered are weight average plasticity index and weight average percent passing the 200 sieve to a depth of at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive feature.  

	Property used: PI WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 10
		Somewhat limiting	 > 10 to < 20
		Not limiting		=> 20
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not rated class.

AND

	Property used: PASSING #200 SIEVE WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Not limiting		=< 50%
		
	Null 200 sieve is assigned to the Not rated class.}
	
AND	

	Soil feature considered is the thickest layer's liquid limit between a depth of 25 to at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive feature.  

	Property used: LIQUID LIMIT WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50
		Not limiting		=> 50
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not limited class.
	
	7.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) for all layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		  > 16 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 >= 8 to <= 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 8 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.   Seepage: Soils that are high in gravel or sand or are very silty are prone to seepage when used as materials to build embankments, dikes, or levees.  The following child rules are joined by the OR operator and the one with the highest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Percent Passing #200 Sieve, 25-200cm (Weighted Average) -- Gravelly or sandy soils allow seepage.  Soil feature considered is percent passing the #4 sieve of the soil between 20 and 200 cm or a restrictive layer.   

	
	
	Property used: PASSING #200 SIEVE WTD_AVE 25-200cm OR ABOVE RESTR LAYER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 50
		Somewhat limiting 	 < 50 and > 10
		Not limiting		<= 10
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
OR

	Unified Class, 25-200cm (Dominant Condition)  Soils in the  ""gw"", ""gp"", ""sw"", ""sp"", ""gw-gm"", ""gp-gm"",""sw-sm"", ""sp-sm"", and ""pt"" are not suited for embankments, dikes, or levees.
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		Unified =  ""gw"", ""gp"", ""sw"", ""sp"", ""gw-gm"", ""gp-gm"",""sw-sm"", ""sp-sm"", ""pt""
		
		Not limiting		Unified !=  ""gw"", ""gp"", ""sw"", ""sp"", ""gw-gm"", ""gp-gm"",""sw-sm"", ""sp-sm"", ""pt""
		
	Null Unified is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
	9.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 60cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 60 to < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|12/07/2009 09:13:20|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805451"
"OR067"|"WMS - Excavated Ponds (Aquifer-fed)"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for various water management practices are developed for use in evaluating the potential of the soil for various water management practices.  These practices may involve the movement of water to or from a site, holding water on a site, or securing a water source.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  Soil limitation ratings and associated restrictive features are given for ponds and reservoir areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and excavated ponds.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for "" Excavated Ponds (Aquifer-fed)"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise ""Excavated Ponds (Aquifer-fed)"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

An aquifer-fed excavated pond is a body of water created by excavating a pit or dugout into a ground-water aquifer.  Excluded are ponds that are fed by surface runoff and embankment ponds that impound water 3 feet or more above the original surface.

Scope: National

Soil properties and qualities that affect aquifer-fed excavated ponds are depth to a permanent water table, permeability of the aquifer, and quality of water as determined by inference from the salinity of the soil.  Large stones are also considered because of their effect on the ease of excavation.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Cutbanks cave: Soils with high water table are suited for aquifer-fed ponds.  However, cutbanks may cave or slump during excavation of the pond reservoir and pose a safety concern when the soil texture is silt or texture group is sandy or texture modifier is sandy or gravelly.  This tendency is true for all soils but to a lesser degree and the interpretive model is designed to give a rating no less then .1 ""Somewhat limiting"".  Extreme care and caution should be used around cutbanks to protect from cave in injury or death.  Cutbanks caving can also reduce the life expectancy of the pond unless practices are applied to limit slumping once the reservoir is filled.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture modifier and class of each layer and the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: USDA GROUP-CLASS IN DEPTH 50-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		matches ""*S *"" or matches ""*S"" or matches ""GR*"" or matches ""* GR""
		Somewhat limiting	all other USDA textures other then silt
		
	Null USDA Texture modifier is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	OR
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE IN DEPTH 50-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting 	""SI"" set at .5
					all other textures set at .1
		Not limiting		none
		
	Null USDA Texture class is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Depth to water: Soils deep to an apparent water table are not potential sites for aquifer fed ponds.  These areas have little potential recharge capacity.  Soil feature considered is the depth to the first soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month and where all subsequent layer are either wet or saturated.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 150cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 60 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=< 60cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation and restricts the installation of an Aquifer-fed pond only when an apparent water table is at depth less then 150cm.  Soil features considered are depth to water table and top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND

Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep and the presence of an apparent water table.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		 < 25%
		
		Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
		
AND

Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		  > 150cm
		Not limiting		 =< 105cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Slow refill: The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat contained within an apparent water table governs the rate of water movement into an Aquifer-fed pond.  When this rate is low, refilling of the pond is slow.  Soil features considered are depth to water table and maximum permeability of the layers that occur within that depth.
	
	Property used: KSAT MAXIMUM of Apparent Water Table (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=< 1.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > 1.0 and < 14 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=> 14 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) limits site preparation and restricts the installation of an Aquifer-fed pond only when an apparent water table is at depth less then 150cm.  Soil features considered are depth to water table and top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".

	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
			Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND

Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Salty water: Salinity soils with a high apparent water table may have reduced potential for aquifer-fed ponds.  The water source may be to salty or to high a content of undesirable minerals to be used as a source of livestock or wildlife water.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 10"" to 60"" (25-150 cm) and has an apparent water table within 150cm of the surface.
	
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 25-150cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 16 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	>= 4 to <= 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		 < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND

Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|03/16/2009 15:19:14|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805440"
"OR067"|"WMS - Irrigation, Micro (above ground)"|"limitation"|"WMS - Micro-irrigation, (Above Ground)				Date: 7/02/07

Summary: Soil interpretations for ""WMS- Micro-irrigation, (Above Ground)"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for irrigation systems that apply water at a slow rate near the plants or crops being irrigated. The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition). If a soil's property within 100 cm (40 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.

The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule. Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation. These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation. These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).

The Drip or Trickle Irrigation interpretation was developed by the Davis, California interpretation staff in cooperation with the University of California. The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Davis, California interpretation staff for Drip or Trickle Irrigation had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other part of the United States.  

This application is NOT DESIGNED NOR INTENDED TO BE USED IN A REGULATORY MANNER. 

Drip or trickle irrigation is the controlled application of water to supplement rainfall. The soil properties and qualities that affect design, layout, construction, management, or performance of the irrigation system are evaluated and their degree of limitation determines the final rating.

Scope:  Micro-irrigation systems are irrigation systems that generally apply frequent application of small quantities of water on or below the soil surface: as drops, tiny streams or miniature spray through emitters or applicators placed along a water delivery line.   Generally, these irrigation systems are very efficient irrigation technologies in terms of both water and energy use and are suitable for used in vineyards, orchards, windbreaks, truck crops, nurseries, and on some row crops.  This interpretation report addresses micro-irrigation systems which emit or apply water at or on the soil surface.  The Micro-irrigation, Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) report addresses micro-irrigation systems that apply water below the soil surface.  

Description: The soil properties and qualities important in the design and management of drip irrigation systems are depth, wetness or ponding, a need for drainage, percolation, and flooding. The soil properties and qualities that influence installation are depth, flooding and ponding. The features that affect performance of the system and plant growth are the amount of salts, lime, gypsum or sodium.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		   < 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	=> 50cm and < 100cm
			Not limiting		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	= ""bedrock (lithic)""
			Not limiting	not = ""bedrock (lithic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

2.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		   < 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	= > 50cm and < 100cm
			Not limiting		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	 = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
			Not limiting	 not = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

3.  Depth to cemented pan: A shallow depth to cemented pan could also reduce rooting depth and available water capacity, making it unlikely that anticipated crop response to microirrigation will be achieved.  Soil features considered are the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restriction _ kind = ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		  < 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	=> 50 and < 100cm
			Not limiting		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
Property used: WMS - KIND OF RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	= ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
			Not limiting	not = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	not = ""Noncemented""
			Not limiting	= ""Noncemented""
	Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.

4.  Depth to saturated zone: A shallow depth to water table will hamper installation of irrigation pipelines, appurtenances, and earth forming that might be needed install and maintain an irrigation system.  A shallow depth to water table will also complicate the irrigation water management requirements for the site, and often increases probability of salinity problems developing.  A shallow water table will also make the soil difficult to work, restrict rooting zone, and increase risk of ground water contamination through leaching of irrigation chemical treatment constituents, nitrates, pesticides or other contaminants.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month in the growing season. Used 90 cm as limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.  

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM DURING GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		  < 60cm
			Somewhat limiting	=>60 to < 90 cm
			Not limiting		=> 90 cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

5.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio are prone to develop irrigation water and rainfall infiltration restriction/reductions due to soil dispersion caused by sodium in the soil and/or soil water.  Soils with elevated SARs will require monitoring of SAR in soil and irrigation water being applied, very careful irrigation water management, possible chemical treatment.  An elevated SAR may impact expected crop response to irrigation by suppressing plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 100cm.

	Property used: WMS - SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		=> 20 
			Somewhat limiting	  > 6 to < 20
			Not limiting		<= 6			
	Null SAR is assigned not rated.

6.  Flooding: Flooding: Flooding frequency greater then rare has the potential to damage irrigation infrastructure, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most microirrigation systems involve a relatively high capitol investment. Most producers will want to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install the irrigation system will pay.  A frequently flooded area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Frequently flooded areas are more likely to transport nutrients, and agricultural and water treatment chemicals, which are typically applied through or in conjunction with this type of irrigation system.   Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: WMS - FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest, ANY MONTH (PAN) (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	Restrictive limits:
		Very limiting		= ¡Very frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional¡ or "" frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

7.  Ponding: Ponding restricts or effects tillage, rooting depth, and plant growth.    Ponding may damage irrigation infrastructure, and will likely impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A ponding area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration any month during the growing season. 

	Property used: WMS - PONDING DURATION GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""long"" or ""very long""
			Somewhat limiting 	= ¡very brief¡ or ¡brief¡
			Not limiting 		= ""none""
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

8.  Excess salt: Excess salts in soil can result in corrosion of irrigation infrastructure, significant increases in irrigation system operation and maintenance requirements, and negatively impact crop response to irrigation by restricting plant growth.  Soils with elevated salinity levels will require EC monitoring of soil and irrigation water being applied.  Matching irrigated crop selection to expected salinity levels, proper leaching, and careful irrigation water management, will be required on soils with elevated salinity. A properly designed drainage system may be required to properly irrigate some soils with elevated salinity levels.  Irrigation runoff and associated subsurface drainage from these soils has potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity 0-100 cm.

	Property used: WMS - SALINITY MAXIMUM (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 4 
			Not limiting 		  < 4
	Null EC is assigned not rated.

9.  Low Available Water Capacity:  Soils with low available water capacities have limited potential to hold irrigation water.  Irrigation management is critical on soil with low AWC to insure adequate soil water for maximum plant growth and production.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity * the layer thickness) summed through a depth of 100cm or to a restrictive layer.  Used 5 cm as limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.

	Property used: WMS - AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 5 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 5 to < 12 cm
			Not limiting		=> 12 cm
	Null AWC is assigned to the Not rated class. 

10.  Soil Reaction:  (too acid or too alkaline) Low or High soil pH can result in corrosion of irrigation infrastructure, significantly increase in irrigation system operation and maintenance requirements, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by restricting plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) from 0 to 100cm.
	
	Property used: WMS - SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) AND SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
			Restriction limits:  Too acid
			Very limiting		=< 3.5
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 3.5 and <5.0
			Not limiting		=> 5.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

		Restriction limits:  Too alkaline
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 9.0 
			Not limiting		=< 9.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.


11.  Calcium Carbonate: Soils with free carbonates below the surface layer may reduce irrigation efficiency and effectiveness by increasing irrigation intake rate from what would have been estimated based on texture alone. Calcium Carbonate may restrict intake if compacted or equipment blockages from precipitation of calcium.  Free carbonates can also restrict available root zone of irrigated crops.   Soil feature considered is the maximum CaCO3 equivalent (pct in thickest layer) between 25 and 100cm (10 to 40 inches) or a restrictive layer.

	Property used: WMS - CaCO3 MAXIMUM 25-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 50%
			Not limiting 		  < 50%
	Null CaCO3 is assigned to the Not limiting class.

12.  Seepage: Rapid permeability that allows irrigation water to percolate out of the root zone is undesirable and increase irrigation management expenses.  Permeability that maintains irrigation water within the root zone during the consumptive use period is desirable to maintain the growth and vigor of the irrigated crop. 

	Property used: WMS - KSAT MAXIMUM, 0-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		  > 44.0 um/sec
			Somewhat limiting	  > 21.0 to < 44.0 um/sec 
			Not limiting		<= 21.0 um/sec
	Null Ksat is assigned not rated.

13.  Content of large stones (a): Large stone impede installation of irrigation system pipeline mains, laterals, and appurtenances.  Large stones may make O&M on buried irrigation infrastructure more difficult and may impact expected crop response to irrigation by effecting tillage, planting, and harvesting and plant growth through reduced soil available water content.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the surface layer.

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS > 75MM SURFACE LAYER (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		  > 35 %
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 25 % to <= 35 %
			Not limiting 		=< 25 %
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

14.  Content of large stones (b): Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede installation of irrigation pipelines and appurtenances to deliver water to microirrigation (above ground) systems.   Above ground installations of main pipelines and laterals can often be used to overcome this limitation.  Above ground installations will sometimes have more varmint damage issues than below ground system delivery pipelines.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Somewhat limiting	 => 5%
			Not limiting		< 5 %
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class.

References: 
The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Temple, Texas for Micro-irrigation, Above Ground had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other part of the United States.

Criteria were adjusted as requested 9/19/2006 by NRCS Central States, NSSC, and CNTSC staff working on Irrigation Applications. 

Bob Nielson, Consultant, Soil Scientist, Lincoln, NE
Troy Collier, NRCS, Resource Soil Scientist, Woodward, OK
Wayne Gabriel, NRCS, Soil Data Quality Specialist, Temple, TX
Allen Gehring, NRCS, Assistant State Engineer, Ames, IA
Edward Griffin, NRCS, National Resource Soil Scientist, Fort Worth, TX
Cleon Namken, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Lubbock, TX
Mike Risinger, NRCS, State Soil Scientist/Leader M09, Temple, TX
Chuck Sample, NRCS, Assistant State Soil Scientist, Stillwater, OK
Rick Schegel, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Woodward, OK
Marty Soffran, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Salina, KS
Chris Stoner, NRCS, Civil Engineer, Stillwater, OK
Jerry Walker, NRCS, National Water Management Engineer, Fort Worth, TX
Jon Whan, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Hondo, TX
Susan Southard, NRCS, Soil Data Quality, Davis, CA
Karl Hipple, NRCS, National Leader, Interpretation, Lincoln, NE
All NRCS States Soil Scientists and State Engineers were consulted on the criteria.

National Engineering Handbook. USDA-NRCS.  Sept. 1997. Part 652.0603

National Soil Survey Handbook. 1993. United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Part 620 - Soil Interpretations Rating Guides 620, Table 620-32.

Conservation Practice Standard - Irrigation System, Micro -irrigation, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Texas, April, 2002.

Flooding (frequent or very frequent) that occurs during the growing season where the crop growing seasons is defined by the taxonomic temperature regime:


regime				corresponding months
----------------------------	---------------------
cryic, isofrigid or pergelic	July and August

frigid or mesic			June, July, 
				August and September

thermic 			March, April, May, 
				June, July, August,
				September and October
				
isothermic,			Jan., Feb., March, April,
isohyperthermic,		May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December

isomesic, hyperthermic		February, March, April,
				May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December"|07/31/2007 05:55:40|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805410"
"OR067"|"WMS - Irrigation, Micro (subsurface drip)"|"limitation"|"WMS-Micro-irrigation, Subsurface Drip					Date: 7/02/07

Summary: Soil interpretations for ""WMS - Micro-irrigation, Subsurface Drip"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for irrigation systems that apply water at slow rates to the soil-rooting zone and installed beneath the soil surface.  The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition).  If a soil's property within 100 cm (40 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule.  Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation.  These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation.  These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).

The Micro-irrigation, Subsurface Drip was developed by the Temple, Texas interpretation and irrigation engineering staffs and is NOT DESIGNED NOR INTENDED TO BE USED IN A REGULATORY MANNER.  The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Temple, Texas for Micro-irrigation, Subsurface Drip had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other regions of the United States. The soil properties and qualities that affect design, layout, construction, management, or performance of the irrigation system are evaluated and their degree of limitation determines the final rating.

Scope: Micro- irrigation systems are irrigation systems that apply low volume water application on or below the soil surface: as drops, tiny streams or miniature spray through emitters or applicators placed along a water delivery line. This report addresses Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) systems which are buried micro-irrigation systems that apply water directly to the subsoil very slowly.  Generally, these systems are very efficient irrigation technologies in terms of both water and energy use and are suitable for used in windbreaks, vegetables, berries, landscape plantings, vineyards, orchards, and some row crops.   The Micro- irrigation (Above Ground) report addresses those systems which emit or apply water at or on the soil surface.

Description: The soil properties and qualities that affect design, layout, construction, management, or performance of the irrigation system are evaluated and their degree of limitation determines the final rating.  The soil properties and qualities important in the design and management of drip irrigation systems are soil depth, available water capacity, wetness, or ponding, a need for drainage, percolation rate, pH, erosion potential, and flooding.  The soil properties and qualities that influence installation are soil depth, stoniness, flooding, and ponding.  The features that affect performance of the system and plant growth are available water capacity, shrink-swell, salts, lime, pH and sodium.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.  Calcium Carbonate: Soils with free carbonates below the surface layer may reduce irrigation efficiency and effectiveness by increasing irrigation intake rate from what would have been estimated based on texture alone. Calcium Carbonate may restrict intake if compacted or equipment blockages from precipitation of calcium.  Free carbonates can also restrict available root zone of irrigated crops.   Soil feature considered is the maximum CaCO3 equivalent (pct in thickest layer) between 25 and 100cm (10 to 40 inches) or a restrictive layer.

	Property used: WMS - CaCO3 MAXIMUM 25-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Somewhat limiting	 => 50%
			Not limiting		   < 50%
	Null CaCO3 is assigned to the Not limiting class.

2.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock can impede installation of irrigation system pipelines, appurtenances, and subsurface drip irrigation laterals.   A shallow depth to hard bedrock reduce available rooting depth, and available water capacity making it unlikely that anticipated crop response to microirrigation will be achieved.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

Shallow depth to bedrock also limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. 

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		  < 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 50 cm and <100 cm
			Not limiting		=> 100 cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 = ""bedrock (lithic)""
			Not limiting not	 = ""bedrock (lithic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

3.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock can impede installation of irrigation system pipelines, appurtenances, and subsurface drip irrigation laterals.   A shallow depth to soft bedrock reduce available rooting depth, and available water capacity making it unlikely that anticipated crop response to microirrigation will be achieved.    Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the
restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 =< 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	   > 50cm and < 100cm
			Not limiting		 => 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	 = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
			Not limiting 	not = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

4.  Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan can impede installation of subsurface drip irrigation laterals, and could result in irrigation laterals being placed below the pan making uniform soil moisture distribution problematic.  A shallow depth to cemented pan could also reduce rooting depth and available water capacity, making it unlikely that anticipated crop response to microirrigation will be achieved.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 50 and < 100cm
			Not limiting		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	  = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
			Not limiting	  not = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ¡petrogypsic"" 
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		not = ""Noncemented""
			Not limiting		      = ""Noncemented""
	Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.

5.  Depth to saturated zone: A shallow depth to water table will hamper installation of irrigation pipelines, SDI lateral tubing, appurtenances, and earth forming that might be needed install and maintain an irrigation system.  A shallow depth to water table will also complicate the irrigation water management requirements for the site, and often increases probability of salinity problems developing.  A shallow water table will also make the soil difficult to work, restrict rooting zone, and increase risk of ground water contamination through leaching of irrigation chemical treatment constituents, nitrates, pesticides or other contaminants.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month in the growing season. Used 90 cm as limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1. 

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM DURING GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 60cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 60 to < 90cm
			Not limiting		=> 90cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

6.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio are prone to develop irrigation water and rainfall infiltration restriction/reductions due to soil dispersion caused by sodium in the soil and/or soil water.  Soils with elevated SARs will require monitoring of SAR in soil and irrigation water being applied, very careful irrigation water management, possible chemical treatment.  An elevated SAR may impact expected crop response to irrigation by suppressing plant growth and will require a high degree of management.  Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 100cm.

	Property used: WMS - SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		=> 20
			Somewhat limiting	  > 6 to < 20
			Not limiting		<= 6			
	Null SAR is assigned not rated.

7.  Flooding: Flooding: Flooding frequency greater then rare has the potential to damage irrigation infrastructure, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most microirrigation (Subsurface Drip) systems involve a relatively high capitol investment. Most producers will want to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install this type of  irrigation system will pay.  A frequently flooded area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Frequently flooded areas are more likely to transport nutrients, and agricultural and water treatment chemicals, which are typically applied through or in conjunction with this type of irrigation system.    Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: WMS - FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest (PAN) (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		= ¡Very frequent""
			Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"" or ¡frequent¡
			Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

8.  Content of large stones (a): Large stone impede installation of irrigation system mains, subsurface drip laterals, and appurtenances.  Large stones have the potential to damage SDI tubing over time when tubing is installed in contact with stones.  Large stones may make operation and management on buried microirrigation tubing more difficult and may impact expected crop response to irrigation by effecting tillage, planting, and harvesting and plant growth through reduced soil available water content.    Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 25%
			Somewhat limiting	  > 0% and < 25%
			Not limiting		= 0%
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

9.  Content of large stones (b): Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede installation of subsurface irrigation systems and mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (PAN) Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 5%
			Somewhat limiting	  > 0.1 to < 5%
			Not limiting		<= 0.1%
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class.

10. Low Available Water Capacity:  Soils with low available water capacities have limited potential to hold irrigation water.  Irrigation management is critical on soil with low AWC to insure adequate soil water for maximum plant growth and production.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity x layer thickness) summed through a depth of 100cm or to a restrictive layer. Used 0.05 cm/cm as limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.

	Property used: WMS - AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 5cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 5 cm and < 12 cm
			Not limiting		=> 12 cm 
	Null AWC is assigned to the Not rated class.

11. Ponding:  Ponding restricts or effects tillage, rooting depth, and plant growth.    Ponding may damage irrigation infrastructure, and will likely impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A ponding area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Soil feature considered is ponding any month during growing season. 
	
	Property used: WMS - PONDING DURATION GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 = long"" or ""very long""
			Somewhat limiting	 = ¡brief¡ or ""very brief""
			Not limiting		 = ""none""
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

12. Excess salt: Soils with high electrical conductivity may suppress plant growth and will require a high degree of management.  Soils with elevated salinity levels will require EC monitoring of soil and irrigation water being applied.  Matching irrigated crop selection to expected salinity levels, proper leaching, and careful irrigation water management, will be required on soils with elevated salinity. A properly designed drainage system may be required to properly irrigate some soils with elevated salinity levels.  Irrigation runoff and associated subsurface drainage from these soils has potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity 0-100 cm.
Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity.

	Property used: WMS - SALINITY MAXIMUM (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Somewhat limiting	=> 4
			Not limiting		  < 4
	Null EC is assigned not rated.

13. Seepage: Microirrigation Subsurface Irrigation Systems utilize irrigation laterals installed below the normal tillage zone to prevent damage.  Especially in drier climates rapid permeability can result in crop germination problems if applied irrigation water is unable to move up to planted seeds to insure germination.  In addition, rapid permeability that allows irrigation water to percolate out of the root zone is undesirable and increases irrigation management expenses.  Permeability that maintains irrigation water within the root zone during the consumptive use period is desirable to maintain the growth and vigor of the irrigated crop. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest Ksat that has any portion in the depth range 0 to 100 cm or to a restrictive layer if less then 100 cm.

	Property used: WMS - KSAT MAXIMUM, 0-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		  > 44.0 um/sec
			Somewhat limiting	  > 21.2 to < 44.0 um/sec 
			Not limiting		<= 21.2 um/sec
	Null Ksat is assigned not rated.

14. Shrink-Swell: High shrink-swell potential limits the installation and maintenance of subsurface drip irrigation lines and emitters.  Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) tubing can be damaged due to stress imposed by movement of high shrink swell clays.  Damage to buried lateral lines and resulting sediment contamination from field repairs can be significant problems on high shrink swell soils tubing is exposed by cracks allowing easy rodent access.   In some cases this limitation can be addressed by operating and managing a microirrigation (subsurface drip irrigation) system to maintain soil moisture year round at a level that will prevent soil cracking.  In drier climates and limited water supply areas this may not be an option.  Soil feature considered is the maximum linear extensibility percent

	Property used: WMS - SHRINK-SWELL, MAXIMUM 0-100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 10.5
			Somewhat limiting	  > 4.5 to < 10.5
			Not limiting		=< 4.5
	Null shrink-swell is assigned to the Not rated class.

15. Soil Reaction (too acid or alkaline): Low or high soil pH can result in corrosion of irrigation infrastructure, significantly increase in irrigation system operation and maintenance requirements, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by restricting plant growth.   Soil feature considered is the (pH) in 0-100 cm. 
	
	Property used: WMS - SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) AND SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restriction limits:  Too acid
			Very limiting		=< 3.5
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 3.5 and <5.0
			Not limiting		=> 5.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

		Restriction limits:  Too alkaline
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 9.0 
			Not limiting		=< 9.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

References: 
The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Temple, Texas for Micro-irrigation, Subsurface Drip had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other part of the United States.
Criteria were adjusted as requested 9/19/2006 by NRCS Central States, NSSC, and CNTSC staff working on Irrigation Applications. The following individuals were consulted on the criteria:
Bob Nielson, Consultant, Soil Scientist, Lincoln, NE
Troy Collier, NRCS, Resource Soil Scientist, Woodward, OK
Wayne Gabriel, NRCS, Soil Data Quality Specialist, Temple, TX
Allen Gehring, NRCS, Assistant State Engineer, Ames, IA
Edward Griffin, NRCS, National Resource Soil Scientist, Fort Worth, TX
Cleon Namken, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Lubbock, TX
Mike Risinger, NRCS, State Soil Scientist/Leader M09, Temple, TX
Chuck Sample, NRCS, Assistant State Soil Scientist, Stillwater, OK
Rick Schegel, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Woodward, OK
Marty Soffran, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Salina, KS
Chris Stoner, NRCS, Civil Engineer, Stillwater, OK
Jerry Walker, NRCS, National Water Management Engineer, Fort Worth, TX
Jon Whan, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Hondo, TX
Susan Southard, NRCS, Soil Data Quality, Davis, CA
Karl Hipple, NRCS, National Leader, Interpretation, Lincoln, NE
All NRCS States Soil Scientists and State Engineers were consulted on the criteria.

National Engineering Handbook. USDA-NRCS.  Sept. 1997. Part 652.0603

National Soil Survey Handbook. 1993. United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Part 620 - Soil Interpretations Rating Guides 620, Table 620-32.

Conservation Practice Standard - Irrigation System, Micro -irrigation, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Texas, April, 2002.

Flooding (frequent or very frequent) that occurs during the growing season where the crop growing seasons is defined by the taxonomic temperature regime:


regime				corresponding months
----------------------------	---------------------
cryic, isofrigid or pergelic	July and August

frigid or mesic			June, July, 
				August and September

thermic 			March, April, May, 
				June, July, August,
				September and October
				
isothermic,			Jan., Feb., March, April,
isohyperthermic,		May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December

isomesic, hyperthermic		February, March, April,
				May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December"|07/31/2007 05:56:13|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805406"
"OR067"|"WMS - Irrigation, Sprinkler (close spaced outlet drops)"|"limitation"|"WMS-Sprinkler Irrigation, Close Spaced Outlets, Drops				Date: 7/2/07

Summary: Soil interpretations for ""WMS-Sprinkler Irrigation, Close Spaced Outlets, Drops"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for installation and use of sprinkler irrigation systems equipped with close spaced outlets on drops. The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use. 

The degree of limitation is expressed as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition). If a soil's property within 100 cm (40 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified. 

The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule. Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation. These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation. These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and <1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).

This Irrigation Application is NOT DESIGNED OR INTENDED TO BE USED IN A REGULATORY MANNER.

Scope: Sprinkler irrigation systems (Close Spaced Outlets, Drops) are generally linear move or center pivots equipped with low pressure spray sprinkler nozzles mounted on close spaced drops that apply water close to the ground surface.  Examples of these types of systems include Low Pressure in Canopy (LPIC), Low Energy Precision Application (LEPA), Low Elevation Spray Application (LESA), and Mid Elevation Spray Application (MESA) systems.  These systems have separate slope criteria from other sprinkler systems because of their higher application rates which increase risk of runoff and irrigation induced erosion on steeper slopes.   This type of irrigation system is generally suitable for small grains, row crops, and vegetables.

Description: The soil properties and qualities important in the design and management of sprinkler irrigation systems utilizing close spaced spray nozzles on drops are depth, available water holding capacity, sodium adsorption ratio, surface coarse fragments, permeability, salinity, slope, wetness, and flooding. The features that affect performance of the system and plant growth are surface texture and rocks, salinity, sodium adsorption ratio, wetness, erosion potential, and available water holding capacity.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates with associated increased potential for translocation of applied irrigation water.  The soil becomes extremely sticky when wet and causes deep rutting, which concentrates and conveys irrigation runoff.  These soils will increase operation and maintenance requirements due to stuck and slipping wheels and resulting improper sprinkler lateral alignment. These soils may also reduce plant growth and cause the irrigation system to not produce expected benefits. Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer.

	Property used: WMS - CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	 	=> 60%
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 40 % and < 60%
			Not limiting 		=< 40 %
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.

2. Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan limits the soil's water holding capacity and the thickness of the root zone. Soil features considered are the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restriction kind = ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 50 cm and < 100 cm
			Not limiting 		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 	= ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
			Not limiting 	not =""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
Property used: WMS - RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	 not =""Noncemented""
			Not limiting	 = ""Noncemented""
	Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.

3. Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 50 cm and < 100 cm
			Not limiting 		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""bedrock (lithic)""
			Not limiting not 	= ""bedrock (lithic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

4. Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 50 cm and < 100 cm
			Not limiting 		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
			Not limiting not 	= ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

5. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table A shallow depth to water table will hamper installation of irrigation pipelines, appurtenances, and earth forming that might be necessary to install and maintain an irrigation system.  A shallow depth to water table will also complicate the irrigation water management requirements for the site, and often increases probability of salinity problems developing.  A shallow water table will also make the soil difficult to work, restrict rooting zone, increase risk of ground water contamination through leaching of nitrates, pesticides or other contaminants.  Soil feature considered is, for any month, the top depth where soil moisture status is wet or saturated any month in the growing season. Used greater than or equal to 90 cm as not limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM IN GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		=< 60cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 60 to < 90 cm
			Not limiting 		= > 90 cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

6.  Low Available Water Capacity:  Soils with low available water capacities have limited potential to hold irrigation water.  Irrigation management is critical on soil with low AWC to insure adequate soil water for maximum plant growth and production.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity x layer thickness) summed through a depth of 100cm or to a restrictive layer.  Used 0.05 cm/cm as limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.

	Property used: WMS - AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 5 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 5 to < 12 cm
			Not limiting		=> 12 cm
	Null AWC is assigned to the Not rated class. 

7. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio are prone to develop irrigation water and rainfall infiltration restriction/reductions due to soil dispersion caused by sodium in the soil and/or soil water.  Soils with elevated SARs will require monitoring of SAR in soil and irrigation water being applied, very careful irrigation water management, possible chemical treatment.  An elevated SAR may impact expected crop response to irrigation by suppressing plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 100 cm.

	Property used: WMS - SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting 		=> 20
			Somewhat limiting	   > 6 to < 20
			Not limiting 		 <= 6
	Null SAR is assigned not rated.

8.  Flooding: Flooding frequency greater then rare has the potential to damage irrigation infrastructure, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A frequently flooded area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Frequently flooded areas are more likely to transport nutrients and agricultural chemicals, which are typically applied at a higher rate on irrigated land off site to receiving surface waters. Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: WMS - FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest, ANY MONTH (PAN) (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	Restrictive limits:
		Very limiting		= ¡Very frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"" or "" frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

9. Content of large stones: Large stones may impede installation of underground supply pipelines and to supply sprinkler systems trafficability and tillage, planting and harvesting of crops.  Large stones may also impact operation and management  requirements of the irrigation system by damaging mobile system components and complicating pipeline and irrigation system repairs, and will impact expected crop response to irrigation by effecting tillage, planting, harvesting and plant growth through reduced soil AWC.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep. The degree of limitation is reduced by subtraction. Given this constraint; a somewhat limiting 0.5 is the highest degree of limitation given. 

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limited 		=> 35%
			Somewhat limiting	  > 25% and < 35
			Not limiting 		=< 25%
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

10. Ponding: Ponding restricts or effects tillage, rooting depth, and plant growth. Soil feature considered is ponding duration.  Ponding may damage irrigation infrastructure, and will likely impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most sprinkler irrigation systems involve a relatively high capital investment.   Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install a Sprinkler close spaced outlets on drops  will pay.  Significant ponding areas would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration any month during the growing season. Soil feature considered is ponding duration.  This limitation can sometimes be overcome with installation of a properly designed drainage system.  

Property used: WMS - PONDING DURATION DURING GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 = ""long"" or ""very long""
			Somewhat limiting	 = ""very brief"" or ¡brief¡
			Not limiting		 = ""none""
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

11. Excess salt: Soils with high electrical conductivity will tend to increase corrosion of metal irrigation system components.  Soils with elevated salinity levels will require EC monitoring of soil and irrigation water being applied.  Matching irrigated crop selection to expected salinity levels, proper leaching, and careful irrigation water management, will be required on soils with elevated salinity.  Leaching applications can be very difficult to apply without producing runoff due to high application rates associated with this type of sprinkler irrigation system. A properly designed drainage system may be required to properly irrigate some soils with elevated salinity levels.  Irrigation runoff and potential subsurface drainage during leaching applications from these soils has potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity 0-100 cm.

Property used: WMS - SALINITY MAXIMUM (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 4
			Not limiting 		  < 4
	Null EC is assigned not rated.

12. Slope: Slopes may increase runoff and erosion, when used with specific sprinklers equipped with close spaced low pressure spray nozzles that are discharge types of sprinkler systems (LEPA, LESA, LPIC, and MESA. LEPA, LESA, LPIC, and MESA are sprinklers equipped with low pressure spray nozzles that operate on drops.  The closer the nozzle spacing and lower the drop the greater potential for runoff and irrigation induced erosion on a given soil.  Actual limiting slopes for sprinkler irrigation systems using spray nozzles on drops would be  average slope >1% for LEPA, average slope > 3.0% for LESA; and for LIPC and MESA systems average slope > 3% and surface texture finer than loam, or > 5% and surface texture loam or coarser.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.

	Property used: WMS - SLOPE (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		  > 5 %
			Somewhat limiting	  > 1 and =< 5 %
			Not limiting		=< 1%			
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.


13. Percs slowly: Soils with low surface hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) and smectitic mineralogy have slow percolation causing excess runoff and erosion during high precipitation or irrigation events. Agri-chemical and fertilizers applied to soil's with this limitation may be removed from the site by runoff and can impacting adjacent surface waters. Timing, application rates, and application methods are management tools that can be used when applying these products to soil susceptible to slow percolation. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the lowest Ksat that has any portion in the depth range 0 to 100cm or to a restrictive layer if less then 100cm and the surface horizon's Ksat. 

Property used: WMS - KSAT MINIMUM, 0-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		=< 0.14 micrometers/second
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 0.14 to < 1.4 micrometers/second
			Not limiting 		=> 1.4 um/sec

	Null Ksat is assigned not rated.

14. Soil Reaction (too acid or alkaline): Low or high soil pH can result in corrosion of irrigation infrastructure, significantly increase in irrigation system operation and maintenance requirements, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by restricting plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) in 0-100 cm. 
	
Property used: WMS - SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) AND SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restriction limits: Too acid
			Very limiting		=< 3.5
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 3.5 and <5.0
			Not limiting		=> 5.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

		Restriction limits:  Too alkaline
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 9.0 
			Not limiting		=< 9.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

15. Calcium Carbonate: Soils with free carbonates below the surface layer may reduce irrigation efficiency and effectiveness by increasing irrigation intake rate from what would have been estimated based on texture alone. Calcium Carbonate may restrict intake if compacted or blockages of equipment from precipitation of calcium.  Free carbonates can also restrict available root zone of irrigated crops.  Soil feature considered is the maximum CaCO3 equivalent (pct in thickest layer) between 25 and 100cm (10 to 40 inches) or a restrictive layer.

	Property used: WMS - CaCO3 MAXIMUM 25-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
		Restrictive limits:
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 50%
			Not limiting		   < 50%
	Null CaCO3 is assigned to the Not limiting class.

16. Erodes Easily: Surface soil water erodibility indicator is the product of the surface K factor multiplied by the soil slope. Soils are subject to irrigation induced water erosion from this type of sprinkler irrigation system if the indicator is above .98 and practice design should include water erosion control measures.  Soil features considered are the soil horizon K factor and the soil slope.

	Property used: WMS - SURFACE LAYER WATER EROSION IDICATOR (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		=> 3.0
			Somewhat limiting	  > 1.0 and < 3.0
			Not limiting		=< 1.0
	Null K factor is assigned Not rated.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reference Information:
The Original Sprinkler Irrigation interpretation was developed by the Davis, California interpretation staff. The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Davis, California interpretation staff for Sprinkler Irrigation had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other part of the United States. 

Criteria were adjusted as requested 9/19/2006 by NRCS Central States, NSSC, and CNTSC staff working on Irrigation Applications. The following individuals were consulted on the criteria:
Bob Nielson, Consultant, Soil Scientist, Lincoln, NE
Troy Collier, NRCS, Resource Soil Scientist, Woodward, OK
Wayne Gabriel, NRCS, Soil Data Quality Specialist, Temple, TX
Allen Gehring, NRCS, Assistant State Engineer, Ames, IA
Edward Griffin, NRCS, National Resource Soil Scientist, Fort Worth, TX
Cleon Namken, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Lubbock, TX
Mike Risinger, NRCS, State Soil Scientist/Leader M09, Temple, TX
Chuck Sample, NRCS, Assistant State Soil Scientist, Stillwater, OK
Rick Schegel, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Woodward, OK
Marty Soffran, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Salina, KS
Chris Stoner, NRCS, Civil Engineer, Stillwater, OK
Jerry Walker, NRCS, National Water Management Engineer, Fort Worth, TX
Jon Whan, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Hondo, TX
Susan Southard, NRCS, Soil Data Quality, Davis, CA
Karl Hipple, NRCS, National Leader, Interpretation, Lincoln, NE
All NRCS State Soil Scientists and State Engineers were consulted on the criteria.
California Irrigation Guide. USDA-SCS. 1982. Developed in cooperation with the Pond-Shafter-Wasco Resource Conservation District.
Hanson, Blaine and Grattan, Stephen R. 1993. Agricultural Salinity and Drainage. University of California Irrigation Program. University. Of California, Davis.
National Engineering Handbook. USDA-NRCS.  Aug. 1996. Part 652.
National Soil Survey Handbook. 1993. United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Part 620 - Soil Interpretations Rating Guides 620, Table 620-32.

Flooding (frequent or very frequent) that occurs during the growing season where the crop growing seasons is defined by the taxonomic temperature
regime:


taxonomic temperature
regime				corresponding months
----------------------------	---------------------
cryic, isofrigid or pergelic	July and August

frigid or mesic			June, July, 
				August and September

thermic 			March, April, May, 
				June, July, August,
				September and October
				
isothermic,			Jan., Feb., March, April,
isohyperthermic,		May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December

isomesic, hyperthermic		February, March, April,
				May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December"|10/07/2008 12:05:15|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805421"
"OR067"|"WMS - Irrigation, Sprinkler (general)"|"limitation"|"WMS-Sprinkler Irrigation								 Date: 7/2/07	

Summary: Soil interpretations for ""WMS-Sprinkler Irrigation"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for installation and use of sprinkler irrigation systems excluding those equipped with close spaced outlets on drops which are covered in a different interpretation report.  The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use. 

The degree of limitation is expressed as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition). If a soil's property within 100 cm (40 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified. 

The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule. Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation. These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation. These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and <1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).

This Irrigation Application is NOT DESIGNED OR INTENDED TO BE USED IN A REGULATORY MANNER.

Scope: Sprinkler irrigation systems apply irrigation water to a field through a series of pipes and nozzles and can be either solid set or mobile.  Generally, this type of irrigation system is suitable for small grains, row crops, vegetables, and orchards. 

Description: The soil properties and qualities important in the design and management of sprinkler irrigation systems are depth, available water holding capacity, sodium adsorption ratio, surface coarse fragments, permeability, salinity, slope, wetness, and flooding. The features that affect performance of the system and plant growth are surface texture and rocks, salinity, sodium adsorption ratio, wetness, erosion potential, and available water holding capacity.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates with associated increased potential for translocation of applied irrigation water.  The soil becomes extremely sticky when wet and causes deep rutting, which concentrates and conveys irrigation runoff.  These soils can increase operation and maintenance requirements due to stuck and slipping wheels and resulting improper sprinkler lateral alignment on mobile systems. These soils also reduce plant growth and prevent the sprinkler irrigation system from producing expected benefits. Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer.

	Property used: WMS - CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 60%
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 40 % and <= 60%
Not limiting 		  < 40 %
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.

2. Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan limits the soil's water holding capacity and the thickness of the root zone. Soil features considered are the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restriction kind = ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting	=> 50 cm and < 100 cm
			Not limiting 		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 	= ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
			Not limiting 	not =""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	 not =""Noncemented""
			Not limiting	 = ""Noncemented""
	Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.

3. Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 50 cm and <100 cm
			Not limiting 		=> 100 cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""bedrock (lithic)""
			Not limiting not 	= ""bedrock (lithic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

4. Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 50cm and < 100cm
			Not limiting 		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
			Not limiting not 	= ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

5. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table A shallow depth to water table will hamper installation of irrigation pipelines, appurtenances, and earth forming that might be necessary to install and maintain an irrigation system.  A shallow depth to water table will also complicate the irrigation water management requirements for the site, and often increases probability of salinity problems developing.  A shallow water table will also make the soil difficult to work, restrict rooting zone, and increase risk of ground water contamination through leaching of nitrates, pesticides or other contaminants.  Soil feature considered is, for any month, the top depth where soil moisture status is wet or saturated any month in the growing season. Used greater than or equal to 90 cm as not limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.


	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM IN GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		< 60cm
			Somewhat limiting	  => 60 and < 90 cm
			Not limiting 		= > 90 cm
Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

6.  Low Available Water Capacity:  Soils with low available water capacities have limited potential to hold irrigation water.  Irrigation management is critical on soil with low AWC to insure adequate soil water for maximum plant growth and production.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity x layer thickness) summed through a depth of 100cm or to a restrictive layer.  Used 0.05 cm/cm as limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.

	Property used: WMS - AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 5 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 5 and < 12 cm
			Not limiting		=> 12 cm
	Null AWC is assigned to the Not rated class. 

7. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio are prone to develop irrigation water and rainfall infiltration restriction/reductions due to soil dispersion caused by sodium in the soil and/or soil water.  Soils with elevated SARs will require monitoring of SAR in soil and irrigation water being applied, very careful irrigation water management, possible chemical treatment.  An elevated SAR may impact expected crop response to irrigation by suppressing plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 100 cm.

	Property used: WMS - SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting 		=> 20
			Somewhat limiting	  > 6 to < 20
			Not limiting 		<= 6
	Null SAR is assigned not rated.

8.  Flooding: Flooding frequency greater then rare has the potential to damage irrigation infrastructure, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A frequently flooded area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Frequently flooded areas are more likely to transport nutrients and agricultural chemicals, which are typically applied at a higher rate on irrigated land off site to receiving surface waters. Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: WMS - FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest, ANY MONTH (PAN) (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	Restrictive limits:
		Very limiting		= ¡Very frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"" or "" frequent"" 
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

9. Content of large stones: Large stones may impede installation of underground supply pipelines and to supply sprinkler systems trafficability and tillage, planting and harvesting of crops.  Large stones may also impact operation and management requirements of the irrigation system by damaging mobile system components and complicating pipeline and irrigation system repairs, and will impact expected crop response to irrigation by effecting tillage, planting, harvesting and plant growth through reduced soil AWC.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep. The degree of limitation is reduced by subtraction. Given this constraint; a somewhat limiting 0.5 is the highest degree of limitation given. 

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		=> 35%
			Somewhat limiting	  > 25% and <= 35%
			Not limiting 		=< 25%
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

10. Ponding: Ponding restricts or effects tillage, rooting depth, and plant growth. Soil feature considered is ponding duration.  Ponding may damage irrigation infrastructure, and will likely impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most sprinkler irrigation systems involve a relatively high capital investment.   Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install a Sprinkler close spaced outlets on drops  will pay.  Significant ponding areas would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration any month during the growing season. Soil feature considered is ponding duration.  This limitation can sometimes be overcome with installation of a properly designed drainage system.  


	Property used: WMS - PONDING DURATION GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 = ""long"" or ""very long""
			Somewhat limiting	 = ""very brief"" or ¡brief¡
			Not limiting		 = ""none""
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

11. Excess salt: Soils with high electrical conductivity may suppress plant growth and will tend to increase corrosion of metal irrigation system components.  Soils with elevated salinity levels will require EC monitoring of soil and irrigation water being applied.  Matching irrigated crop selection to expected salinity levels, proper leaching, and careful irrigation water management, will be required on soils with elevated salinity.  Leaching applications can be very difficult to apply without producing runoff due to high application rates associated with this type of sprinkler irrigation system. A properly designed drainage system may be required to properly irrigate some soils with elevated salinity levels.  Irrigation runoff and potential subsurface drainage during leaching applications from these soils has potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity 0-100 cm.

	Property used: WMS - SALINITY MAXIMUM (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 4 
			Not limiting 		  < 4
	Null EC is assigned not rated.

12. Slope: Steep slopes impede operation of sprinkler irrigation systems degrade system application uniformity, increase operation and management requirements on mobile sprinkler irrigation systems, and are subject to severe irrigation induced erosion.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: WMS - SLOPE (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		=> 15%
			Somewhat limiting	   > 6 and < 15%
			Not limiting		=< 6%			
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.


13. Percs slowly: Soils with low surface hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) and smectitic mineralogy have slow percolation causing excess runoff and erosion during high precipitation or irrigation events. Agri-chemical and fertilizers applied to soil's with this limitation may be removed from the site by runoff and can impacting adjacent surface waters. Timing, application rates, and application methods are management tools that can be used when applying these products to soil susceptible to slow percolation. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the lowest Ksat that has any portion in the depth range 0 to 100cm or to a restrictive layer if less then 100cm and the surface horizon's Ksat and soil mineralogy. 

	Property used: WMS - KSAT MINIMUM, 0-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		=< 0.14 micrometers/second
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 0.14 to < 1.4micrometers/second
			Not limiting 		=> 1.4 um/sec

	Null Ksat is assigned not rated.

14. Soil Reaction (too acid or alkaline): Low or high soil pH can result in corrosion of irrigation infrastructure, significantly increase in irrigation system operation and maintenance requirements, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by restricting plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) in 0-100 cm. 
	
	Property used: WMS - SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) AND SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restriction limits:  Too acid
			Very limiting		=< 3.5
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 3.5 and <5.0
			Not limiting		=> 5.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

		Restriction limits:  Too alkaline
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 9.0 
			Not limiting		=< 9.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

15. Calcium Carbonate: Soils with free carbonates below the surface layer may reduce irrigation efficiency and effectiveness by increasing irrigation intake rate from what would have been estimated based on texture alone. Calcium Carbonate may restrict intake if compacted or equipment blockages from precipitation of calcium.  Free carbonates can also restrict available root zone of irrigated crops.  Soil feature considered is the maximum CaCO3 equivalent (pct in thickest layer) between 25 and 100cm (10 to 40 inches) or a restrictive layer.

	Property used: WMS - CaCO3 MAXIMUM 25-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
		Restrictive limits:
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 50%
			Not limiting		   < 50%
	Null CaCO3 is assigned to the Not limiting class.


---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reference Information:
The Original Sprinkler Irrigation interpretation was developed by the Davis, California interpretation staff. The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Davis, California interpretation staff for Sprinkler Irrigation had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other part of the United States. 

Criteria were adjusted as requested 9/19/2006 by NRCS Central States, NSSC, and CNTSC staff working on Irrigation Applications. The following individuals were consulted on the criteria:
Bob Nielson, Consultant, Soil Scientist, Lincoln, NE
Troy Collier, NRCS, Resource Soil Scientist, Woodward, OK
Wayne Gabriel, NRCS, Soil Data Quality Specialist, Temple, TX
Allen Gehring, NRCS, Assistant State Engineer, Ames, IA
Edward Griffin, NRCS, National Resource Soil Scientist, Fort Worth, TX
Cleon Namken, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Lubbock, TX
Mike Risinger, NRCS, State Soil Scientist/Leader M09, Temple, TX
Chuck Sample, NRCS, Assistant State Soil Scientist, Stillwater, OK
Rick Schegel, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Woodward, OK
Marty Soffran, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Salina, KS
Chris Stoner, NRCS, Civil Engineer, Stillwater, OK
Jerry Walker, NRCS, National Water Management Engineer, Fort Worth, TX
Jon Whan, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Hondo, TX
Susan Southard, NRCS, Soil Data Quality, Davis, CA
Karl Hipple, NRCS, National Leader, Interpretation, Lincoln, NE
All NRCS State Soil Scientists and State Engineers were consulted on the criteria.
California Irrigation Guide. USDA-SCS. 1982. Developed in cooperation with the Pond-Shafter-Wasco Resource Conservation District.
Hanson, Blaine and Grattan, Stephen R. 1993. Agricultural Salinity and Drainage. University of California Irrigation Program. University. Of California, Davis.
National Engineering Handbook. USDA-NRCS.  Aug. 1996. Part 652.
National Soil Survey Handbook. 1993. United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Part 620 - Soil Interpretations Rating Guides 620, Table 620-32.

Flooding (frequent or very frequent) that occurs during the growing season where the crop growing seasons is defined by the taxonomic temperature
regime:


taxonomic temperature
regime				corresponding months
----------------------------	---------------------
cryic, isofrigid or pergelic	July and August

frigid or mesic			June, July, 
				August and September

thermic 			March, April, May, 
				June, July, August,
				September and October
				
isothermic,			Jan., Feb., March, April,
isohyperthermic,		May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December

isomesic, hyperthermic		February, March, April,
				May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December"|10/07/2008 12:05:15|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805391"
"OR067"|"WMS - Irrigation, Surface (graded)"|"limitation"|"WMS-Surface Irrigation (Graded)					Date: 7/2/07

Summary: Soil interpretations for ¡WMS-Surface Irrigation (Graded)"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for installation and use of graded flood or furrow irrigation systems. The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use. 

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition). If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified. The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule. Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation. These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications. 

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation. These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0). 

This Irrigation Application is NOT DESIGNED OR INTENDED TO BE USED IN A REGULATORY MANNER.

Scope: Graded surface irrigation systems include graded border and graded furrow irrigation systems.  Graded border irrigation systems allow irrigation water to flow across the soil surface while being confined by borders.  Graded furrow irrigation systems are systems that allow irrigation water to flow down furrow valleys while the crop being irrigated is planted on the furrow ridge. Generally graded border systems are suitable for small grains while graded furrow systems are suitable for row crops.


Description: The soil properties and qualities important in the design and management of graded surface irrigation systems are depth, available water holding capacity, sodium adsorption ratio, surface coarse fragments, permeability, salinity, slope, wetness, and flooding. Features that affect system performance and plant growth are salinity, sodium adsorption ratio, wetness, calcium carbonate content, and available water holding capacity. 

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features. 

1. Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components.  Soil features considered are the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restriction kind = ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		  < 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 cm and < 150cm
			Not limiting 		=> 150cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
Property used: WMS - KIND OF RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
			Not limiting not 	= ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		not = ""Noncemented""
			Not limiting 		      = ""Noncemented""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

2. Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		   < 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting	 => 50cm and < 150cm
			Not limiting 		=> 150cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""bedrock (lithic)""
			Not limiting not 	= ""bedrock (lithic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

3. Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		   < 50cm
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 50cm and < 150cm
			Not limiting 		=> 150cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 	     = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
			Not limiting not   = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

4. Depth to saturated zone: A shallow depth to water table will hamper installation of irrigation pipelines, appurtenances, water control structures, and earth forming that might be needed install and maintain graded surface irrigation systems.  A shallow depth to water table will also complicate the irrigation water management requirements for the site, and often increases probability of salinity problems developing.  A shallow water table will also make the soil difficult to work and restrict the rooting zone. These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month in the growing season. See reference for growing season definition. This limitation can sometimes be overcome with installation of a properly designed drainage system.  Used greater than or equal to 90 cm as not limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.


	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM DURING THE GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value).Restrictive limits:
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 < 60cm
			Somewhat Limiting 	=>60 cm and <90 cm
			Not limiting 		 = > 90cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

5. Low Available Water Capacity:  Soils with low available water capacities have limited potential to hold irrigation water.  Irrigation management is critical on soil with low AWC to insure adequate soil water for maximum plant growth and production.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity x layer thickness) summed through a depth of 150cm or to a restrictive layer.

	Property used: WMS - AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-150cm (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 7.5 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 7.5 cm and < 18 cm
			Not limiting		=> 18 cm
	Null AWC is assigned to the Not rated class.

6. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio are prone to develop irrigation water and rainfall infiltration restriction/reductions due to soil dispersion caused by sodium in the soil and/or soil water.  Soils with elevated SARs will require monitoring of SAR in soil and irrigation water being applied, very careful irrigation water management, possible chemical treatment.  An elevated SAR may impact expected crop response to irrigation by suppressing plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 150cm.

	Property used: WMS - SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-150cm (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting 		=> 20
			Somewhat limiting	  > 6 to < 20
			Not limiting 		<= 6
	Null SAR is assigned not rated.

7. Flooding:  Flooding frequency greater then rare has the potential to damage irrigation infrastructure, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A frequently flooded area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Frequently flooded areas are more likely to transport nutrients and agricultural chemicals, which are typically applied at a higher rate on irrigated land, Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: WMS - FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest ANY MONTH (PAN) (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		= ¡Very frequent""
			Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"" or "" frequent""
			Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

8. Content of large stones: Large stones impede installation of pipelines and water control structures, irrigation land leveling and/or shaping, and construction of earthen canals, ditches, or ridges.  Large stones may also impact operation and management requirements of graded surface irrigation system and will impact expected crop response to irrigation by effecting tillage, planting, and harvesting and plant growth through reduced soil AWC. Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 > 35 %
			Somewhat limiting	 > 25% to =<35 %
			Not limiting		=< 25 %
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

9. Seepage: Soils with high hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) and low content of fine particles may have a seepage limitation that allows applied irrigation water to percolate rapidly below the root zone during and following irrigation.  High permeability is undesirable in graded surface irrigation systems and can significantly increase irrigation expense and labor requirements to overcome the limitation.  Timing, application rates, and application methods are management tools that can be used when applying these products to soil susceptible to SEEPAGE. Soil feature considered is the Ksat or to a restrictive layer if less then 150cm. 
 
	Property used: WMS - KSAT, THICKEST LAYER, 0 TO 150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting 		 > 44.0 um/sec
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 14.1 um/sec and <= 44.0 um/sec
			Not limiting 		<= 14.1 um/sec
	Null Ksat is assigned not limiting.

10. Ponding: Ponding restricts or effects tillage, rooting depth, and plant growth. Ponding may damage irrigation infrastructure, and will likely impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Many irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A ponding area would not likely provide a very stable investment. Soil feature considered is ponding duration during the growing season. This limitation can sometimes be overcome with installation of a properly designed drainage system.  

	Property used: WMS - PONDING DURATION DURING GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""long"" or ""very long""
			Somewhat Limiting 	= ¡brief¡ or ""very brief""
			Not limiting	 	= ""none""
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

11. Excess salt: Soils with high electrical conductivity may suppress plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soils with elevated salinity levels will require EC monitoring of soil and irrigation water being applied.  Matching irrigated crop selection to expected salinity levels, proper leaching, and careful irrigation water management, will be required on soils with elevated salinity. A properly designed drainage system may be required to properly irrigate some soils with elevated salinity levels.  Irrigation runoff and associated subsurface drainage from these soils has potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity. 

	Property used: WMS - SALINITY MAXIMUM (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Somewhat limiting	=> 4
			Not limiting		  < 4
	Null EC is assigned not rated.

12. Slope: Excessive slope impedes site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces irrigation efficiency, and contributes to irrigation induced erosion.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.

	Property used: WMS - SLOPE (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very Limiting		=> 3%
			Somewhat limiting	  > 1 and < 3%
			Not limiting		=< 1%			
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

13. Percs slowly: Soils with low surface hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) and smectitic mineralogy have slow percolation causing excess runoff and erosion during high precipitation or irrigation events. Agri-chemical and fertilizers applied to soil's with this limitation may be removed from the site by runoff and can impacting adjacent surface waters. Timing, application rates, and application methods are management tools that can be used when applying these products to soil susceptible to slow percolation. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the lowest Ksat that has any portion in the depth range 0 to 150cm or to a restrictive layer if less then 150cm. 

	Property used: WMS - KSAT MINIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits: 
			Very limiting 		< 0.14 micrometers/second
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 0 .14 to < 1.4 micrometers/second
			Not limiting 		=> 1.4 um/sec
	Null Ksat is assigned not rated.

14. Soil Reaction:  (too acid or too alkaline) Low or High soil pH can result in corrosion of irrigation infrastructure, significantly increase in irrigation system operation and maintenance requirements, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by restricting plant growth. Soil feature considered is the (pH) from 0 to 150cm.
	
	Property used: WMS - SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) AND SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0 TO 150CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
                        	Restriction limits:  Too acid
			Very limiting		=< 3.5
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 3.5 and <5.0
			Not limiting		=> 5.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

		Restriction limits:  Too alkaline
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 9.0 
			Not limiting		=< 9.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

			

15.  Calcium Carbonate: Soils with free carbonates below the surface layer will reduces irrigation efficiency and effectiveness by increasing irrigation intake rate from what would have been estimated based on texture alone  may restrict intake if compacted or equipment blockages from precipitation of calcium.  Free carbonates can also restrict available root zone of irrigated crops.   Soil feature considered is the maximum CaCO3 equivalent (pct in thickest layer) between 25 and 150cm (10 to 60 inches) or a restrictive layer.

	Property used: WMS - CaCO3 MAXIMUM 25-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Somewhat Limiting	=> 50%
			Not limiting		  < 50 %
	Null CaCO3 is assigned to the Not limiting class.

16. Erodes Easily: Surface soil water erodibility indicator is the product of the surface K factor multiplied by the soil slope. Soils are subject to water erosion if the indicator is above .98 and practice design should include water erosion control measures.  Soil features considered are the soil horizon K factor and the soil slope.

	Property used: WMS - SURFACE LAYER WATER EROSION IDICATOR (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very Limiting		=> 3.0
			Somewhat limiting	  > 1.0 and < 3.0
			Not limiting		=< 1.0
	Null K factor is assigned Not rated.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reference:
The Original Graded Border Irrigation interpretation was developed by the Davis, California interpretation staff. The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Davis, California interpretation staff for Graded Border Irrigation had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other part of the United States. 

Criteria were adjusted as requested 9/19/2006 by NRCS Central States, NSSC, and CNTSC staff working on Irrigation Applications. The following individuals were consulted on the criteria:
Bob Nielson, Consultant, Soil Scientist, Lincoln, NE
Troy Collier, NRCS, Resource Soil Scientist, Woodward, OK
Wayne Gabriel, NRCS, Soil Data Quality Specialist, Temple, TX
Allen Gehring, NRCS, Assistant State Engineer, Ames, IA
Edward Griffin, NRCS, National Resource Soil Scientist, Fort Worth, TX
Cleon Namken, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Lubbock, TX
Mike Risinger, NRCS, State Soil Scientist/Leader M09, Temple, TX
Chuck Sample, NRCS, Assistant State Soil Scientist, Stillwater, OK
Rick Schegel, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Woodward, OK
Marty Soffran, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Salina, KS
Chris Stoner, NRCS, Civil Engineer, Stillwater, OK
Jerry Walker, NRCS, National Water Management Engineer, Fort Worth, TX
Jon Whan, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Hondo, TX
Susan Southard, NRCS, Soil Data Quality, Davis, CA
Karl Hipple, NRCS, National Leader, Interpretation, Lincoln, NE
All NRCS State Soil Scientists and State Engineers were consulted on the criteria.
California Irrigation Guide. USDA-SCS. 1982. Developed in cooperation with the Pond-Shafter-Wasco Resource Conservation District.
Hanson, Blaine and Grattan, Stephen R. 1993. Agricultural Salinity and Drainage. University of California Irrigation Program. University. Of California, Davis.
National Engineering Handbook. USDA-NRCS.  Aug. 1996. Part 652.
National Soil Survey Handbook. 1993. United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Part 620 - Soil Interpretations Rating Guides 620, Table 620-32.


Flooding (frequent or very frequent) that occurs during the growing season where the crop growing seasons is defined by the taxonomic temperature regime:


taxonomic temperature
regime				corresponding months
----------------------------	---------------------
cryic, isofrigid or pergelic	July and August

frigid or mesic			June, July, 
				August and September

thermic 			March, April, May, 
				June, July, August,
				September and October
				
isothermic,			Jan., Feb., March, April,
isohyperthermic,		May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December

isomesic, hyperthermic		February, March, April,
				May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December"|08/29/2007 08:45:19|02/08/2010 13:21:14|5|"10377"|"1805438"
